scholarly journals On The Bosons’ Range of the Weak Interaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 5865-5868
Author(s):  
Antonio Puccini
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Nuclear Force ◽  
Massive Particle ◽  
Maximum Distance ◽  
Gauge Bosons ◽  
Binding Condition ◽  
Upper Limit

As known the Weak Nuclear Force or Weak Interaction(WI) acts between quarks (Qs) and leptons. The action of the WI is mediated by highly massive gauge bosons. How does a nuclear Q emit such a massive particle, approximately 16000 or 40000 times its mass? Who provides so much energy to a up Q or a down Q? However, it must be considered that according to Quantum Mechanics it is possible to loan temporarily some energy, but to a precise and binding condition, established by the Uncertainty Principle: the higher the energy borrowed, the shorter the duration of the loan. Our calculations show that the maximum distance these bosons can travel, i.e. the upper limit of their range, corresponds to 1.543×10-15 [cm] for particles W+ and W- and 1.36×10-15[cm] for Z° particles.

Quantum Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Quantum Spin ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Symbolic Representations ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

The subject of Chapter 8 is the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the abstract extension of quantum mechanics. Two of the entities explored are kets and operators, with kets being representations of quantum states as well as a source of wave functions. The quantum box and quantum spin kets are specified, as are the quantum numbers that identify them. Operators are introduced and defined in part as the symbolic representations of observable quantities such as position, momentum and quantum spin. Eigenvalues and eigenkets are defined and discussed, with the former identified as the possible outcomes of a measurement. Bras, the counterpart to kets, are introduced as the means of forming probability amplitudes from kets. Products of operators are examined, as is their role underpinning Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. A variety of symbol manipulations are presented. How measurements are believed to collapse linear superpositions to one term of the sum is explored.

scholarly journals An analysis on Quantum mechanical Stability of Regular Polygons on a Point Base Using Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Anurag Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Stability Problem ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Abstract: It is a well-known fact in physics that classical mechanics describes the macro-world, and quantum mechanics describes the atomic and sub-atomic world. However, principles of quantum mechanics, such as Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, can create visible real-life effects. One of the most commonly known of those effects is the stability problem, whereby a one-dimensional point base object in a gravity environment cannot remain stable beyond a time frame. This paper expands the stability question from 1- dimensional rod to 2-dimensional highly symmetrical structures, such as an even-sided polygon. Using principles of classical mechanics, and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, a stability equation is derived. The stability problem is discussed both quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Using the graphical analysis of the result, the relation between stability time and the number of sides of polygon is determined. In an environment with gravity forces only existing, it is determined that stability increases with the number of sides of a polygon. Using the equation to find results for circles, it was found that a circle has the highest degree of stability. These results and the numerical calculation can be utilized for architectural purposes and high-precision experiments. The result is also helpful for minimizing the perception that quantum mechanical effects have no visible effects other than in the atomic, and subatomic world. Keywords: Quantum mechanics, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle, degree of stability, polygon, the highest degree of stability

scholarly journals Why does uncertainty come in quantum mechanics?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yasin
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

In 1927 Heisenberg has invented the uncertainty principle. The principle of uncertainty is, "It is impossible to determine the position and momentum of a particle at the same time."The more accurately the momentum is measured, the more uncertain the position will be. Just knowing the position would make the momentum uncertain. Einstein was adamant against this principle until his death. He thought that particles have some secret rules. Einstein thought, "The uncertainty principle is incomplete. There is a mistake somewhere that has resulted in uncertainty. Many did not accept Einstein then. But I'm sure Einstein was right then, there are secret rules for particles. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is also 100% correct . I recently published a research paper named "Quantum Certainty Mechanics"[1], which shows the principle of measuring the momentum and position of particles by the quantum certainty principle. Why uncertainty comes from certainty is the main topic of this research paper. When the value of the energy absorbed by the electron in the laboratory is calculated, the uncertainty is removed. The details are discussed below.

scholarly journals On the Nature of the Change in the Wave Function in a Measurement in Quantum Mechanics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Michael Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Physical Review ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Physical Entity

Generally a central role has been assigned to an unavoidable physical interaction between the measuring instrument and the physical entity measured in the change in the wave function that often occurs in measurement in quantum mechanics. A survey of textbooks on quantum mechanics by authors such as Dicke and Witke (1960), Eisberg and Resnick (1985), Gasiorowicz (1974), Goswami (1992), and Liboff (1993) supports this point. Furthermore, in line with the view of Bohr and Feynman, generally the unavoidable interaction between a measuring instrument and the physical entity measured is considered responsible for the uncertainty principle. A gedankenexperiment using Feynman's double-hole interference scenario shows that physical interaction is not necessary to effect the change in the wave function that occurs in measurement in quantum mechanics. Instead, the general case is that knowledge is linked to the change in the wave function, not a physical interaction between the physical existent measured and the measuring instrument. Empirical work on electron shelving that involves null measurements, or what Renninger called negative observations (Zeitschrift fur Physik, vol. 158, p. 417), supports these points. Work on electron shelving is reported by Dehmelt and his colleagues (Physical Review Letters, vol. 56, p. 2797), Wineland and his colleagues (Physical Review Letters, vol. 57, p. 1699), and Sauter, Neuhauser, Blatt, and Toschek (Physical Review Letters, vol. 57, p. 1696). Originally appeared in arXiv on December 19, 1995. It can be accessed at arXiv:quant-ph/9601006 .

What Is Light, Really?

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sönke Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Quantum Entanglement ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Discrete Energy ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
The World ◽  
Energy States

This concluding chapter explains that the modern theory of light falls within the field of quantum mechanics. At first glance, quantum mechanics does not seem that strange—its name is based on the fact that light comes in units and that electrons have discrete energy states. It also includes the uncertainty principle, which states that one cannot know certain pairs of physical properties with perfect precision. Moreover, quantum mechanics involves the wave-particle duality of photons. The chapter then explores two of the most unusual aspects of quantum mechanics: two-slit interference and quantum entanglement. Both violate the most fundamental notions about how the world works.

Quantum gravity

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-322
Author(s):  
Elia A. Sinaiko
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Nuclear Force ◽  
Curve Space ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Spatial Properties ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
Surrounding Space ◽  
Fundamental Forces

Gravity has been shown in theories of relativity to be the curving of space around massive bodies. Thus, objects in orbits are following a straight line along a curved space. Why massive bodies curve space is not explained. We continue to ask “What is Gravity?” Quantum mechanics unites theories of electro-magnetism (QED), the weak nuclear force (EWT), and the strong nuclear force (QCD) in the standard model of particle physics, or with a grand unified theory (GUT) sought for these three fundamental forces. As yet there is no empirically verified quantum theory of gravity unified with these three fundamental forces. Considering gravity to be the curving of space, it is evident that gravity supervenes from the properties of space itself. In this short paper, we will attempt to define one of these spatial properties. We will not attempt to define the properties of time, though time appears to be a part of a complete model of gravity. At least in this regard, and likely in many others, our model will be incomplete. We will build a case for the massive collapse of probability density waves (PDWs) in surrounding space, due to the interactions of particles in massive bodies. The collapse of these probabilities, of each particle’s possible superposition somewhere in the surrounding space, causes the apparent “curving” of space. We will conclude that space is not the absence of things. Space is a thing in itself. Included in the properties of space is the potential to contain/transmit PDWs. This potential is suggested by both the theories of relativity and the experimental observations of quantum mechanics. In the presence of massive bodies, particle superposition and the probability of existence in the surrounding space is, to varying degrees, lost and space appears to curve as a consequence.

scholarly journals Aspects of Geodesical Motion with Fisher-Rao Metric: Classical and Quantum

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florio M. Ciaglia ◽  
Fabio Di Cosmo ◽  
Domenico Felice ◽  
Stefano Mancini ◽  
Giuseppe Marmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Geometric Structure ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
End Points ◽  
Quantum Properties ◽  
Statistical Manifolds ◽  
Classical Setting ◽  
Qualitative Effect

The purpose of this paper is to exploit the geometric structure of quantum mechanics and of statistical manifolds to study the qualitative effect that the quantum properties have in the statistical description of a system. We show that the end points of geodesics in the classical setting coincide with the probability distributions that minimise Shannon’s entropy, i.e. with distributions of zero dispersion. In the quantum setting this happens only for particular initial conditions, which in turn correspond to classical submanifolds. This result can be interpreted as a geometric manifestation of the uncertainty principle.

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