scholarly journals Nepal’s earthquake: The country’s struggles with effective public health response amidst international politics and cultural conflicts

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma SHRESTHA
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Effective Public Health

The Neuroscience of Addiction

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Jay C. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Effective Public Health ◽  
The Brain

Effective public health approaches to addressing the opioid crisis require an understanding of addiction as a health condition primarily involving the brain, rather than an individual’s series of ongoing “bad choices” or inherent criminal tendencies that ultimately lead to poor health outcomes. Addiction has been defined as “the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug.” Whether addiction is viewed primarily as a “disease” or the outcome of experiential and environmental influences, chronic changes that occur in the brain of the person with addiction form the scientific basis of an effective public health response. Understanding the behavioral changes driven by addiction is vital since they have a profound impact on public safety, the criminal justice system, and public health. This chapter provides an overview of the changes that occur in the brain during development of addiction and how understanding these changes can improve public health practice and policy. It complements more complete clinical and basic science reviews of the neuroscience of addiction that have been recently published.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics and Response: Opinions and Perspectives from Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeleye Adeshakin ◽  
Oluwamuyiwa Ayanshina ◽  
Samuel Essien-Baidoo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Public Health

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since its declaration as a pandemic by world health organization (WHO) has spread across the various continent with little known about the most effective public health response for containing and mitigating the transmission of the epidemic. It is important to state that some authors have published on the lessons learned from transmission and management of COVID-19 infection but only a few considered it from the Africa perspective. Despite the late arrival of the pandemic in Africa and the notion that the virus may not thrive because of the high temperature in the continent; today the narrative has changed with the number of infected patients increasing daily. Herein, the authors have shared their perspectives and opinions on the dynamics and response to COVID-19 from Africa context to create more awareness and approach in mitigating the spread of the virus should the continent becomes the epicenter of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Increased PCR screening capacity using a multi-replicate pooling scheme

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Viehweger ◽  
F. Kühnl ◽  
C. Brandt ◽  
B. König ◽  
A. C. Rodloff
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Pcr Screening ◽  
Feasible Method ◽  
Test Sensitivity ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Effective Public Health

AbstractEffective public health response to viral outbreaks such as SARS-CoV-2 require reliable information about the spread of the infecting agent. Often real-time PCR screening of large populations is a feasible method to generate this information. Since test capacities are usually limited, pooling of test specimens is often necessary to increase screening capacity, provided that the test sensitivity is not significantly compromised. However, when a traditional pool is tested positive, all samples in the pool need individual retesting, which becomes ineffective at a higher proportion of positive samples. Here, we report a new pooling protocol that mitigates this problem by replicating samples across multiple pools. The resulting pool set allows the sample status to be resolved more often than with traditional pooling. At 2% prevalence and 20 samples per pool, our protocol increases screening capacity by factors of 5 and 2 compared to individual testing and traditional pooling, respectively. The corresponding software to layout and resolve samples is freely available under a BSD license (https://github.com/phiweger/clonepool).

scholarly journals COVID-19 Isolation and Contact Tracing with Country Samples: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cemal Koçak
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Modeling Studies ◽  
Health Response ◽  
High Level ◽  
Effective Public Health

Background: COVID-19 was first declared as an international public health emergency and then a pandemic by the WHO. In this systematic review, the importance of isolation and contact tracing has been explained, and what kinds of practices exist in different countries are mentioned. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines by searching articles from major medical databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL between Jan 1, 2020 and Apr 1, 2021. Observational and modeling studies written on contact tracing, screening, quarantine and isolation were included. Results: 27 observational and modeling studies were included. It was seen that rapid contact tracing to reduce the basic reproduction number (R0) from 3.11 to 0.21. Additionally, each new case requires an average of 36 people to be monitored. Since screening programs missed 75% of cases, high-level contact tracing should also be done simultaneously. Wide quarantine would prevent 79.27% deaths and 87.08% infections. Conclusion: Effective, rapid contact tracing is the cornerstone of an effective public health response in outbreaks. Its success depends on quickly identifying cases, gathering information from them about their last contacts, and tracing and isolating those contacts.

Rethinking the Meaning of Public Health

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Effective Public Health

Public health is a dynamic field. Outbreaks of new diseases, as well as changing patterns of population growth, economic development, and lifestyle trends all may threaten public health and thus demand a public health response. As the practice of public health evolves, there is an ongoing need to reassess its scientific, ethical, legal, and social underpinnings. Such a reappraisal must consider the disagreement among public health officials, public health scholars, elected officials, and the public about the proper role of public health and the distinctions, for example, between public health and clinical care, and public health and health promotion.In this article I will attempt to characterize the main points of contention as well as offer my own views regarding the proper scope of public health. Greater clarity and consensus on the meaning of public health are likely to lead to more efficient and effective public health interventions as well as increased public and political support for public health activities.

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