Plasma concentrations of tramadol after transdermal application of a single metered dose of a compounded tramadol gel to cats

Abstract Previous studies have indicated: (1) peak performance on tests of divergent creative thinking during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle; (2) compared to convergent analytical thinking, divergent thinking was found to be associated with a distinctly increased dimensional complexity of ongoing EEG activity. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that cortical information processing during the ovulatory phase is characterized by an increased EEG dimensionality. Each of 16 women was tested on 3 occasions: during the ovulatory phase, the luteal phase, and menses. Presence of the phases was confirmed by determination of plasma concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone. The EEG was recorded while the women performed: (1) tasks of divergent thinking; (2) tasks of convergent thinking; and (3) during mental relaxation. In addition to EEG dimensional complexity, conventional spectral power analysis was performed. Behavioral data confirmed enhanced creative performance during the ovulatory phase while convergent thinking did not vary across cycle phases. EEG complexity was higher during divergent than convergent thought, but this difference remained unaffected by the menstrual phase. Influences of the menstrual phase on EEG activity were most obvious during mental relaxation. In this condition, women during the ovulatory phase displayed highest EEG dimensionality as compared with the other cycle phases, with this effect being most prominent over the central and parietal cortex. Concurrently, power within the alpha frequency band as well as theta power at frontal and parietal leads were lower during the luteal than ovulatory phase. EEG results indicate that task demands of thinking overrode effects of menstrual cycle. However, with a less demanding situation, an ovulatory increase in EEG dimensionality became prominent suggesting a loosening of associative habits during this phase.

Download Full-text

P2353 Supplementary treatment with abacorS, a soy protein based dietary supplement, reduces plasma concentrations of total and LDL cholesterols in statin-treated hypercholesterolemic patients

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1016/s0195-668x(03)95347-4 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 458 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P CLAUSEN

Keyword(s):

Dietary Supplement ◽

Soy Protein ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Supplementary Treatment

Download Full-text

Very Low Activated Factor VII and Reduced Factor VII Antigen in Familial Abetalipoproteinaemia

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1615179 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 80 (08) ◽

pp. 233-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. A. Mitropoulos ◽

M. N. Nanjee ◽

D. J. Howarth ◽

J. C. Martin ◽

M. P. Esnouf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Positive Association ◽

Factor Ix ◽

Factor Vii ◽

Unesterified Fatty Acid ◽

Factor Xii ◽

Factor X ◽

Factor Xi ◽

Activated Factor Vii ◽

Normal Mean

SummaryAbetalipoproteinaemia is a rare disorder of apolipoprotein B metabolism associated with extremely low plasma concentrations of triglyce-ride. To discover whether the general positive association between factor VII and triglyceride levels extends to this condition, 5 patients were compared with 18 controls. All patients had a triglyceride below 100 μmol/l. Plasma unesterified fatty acid concentration was normal. Although factor IX activity was only slightly reduced (mean 88% standard) and factor IX antigen was normal, mean activated factor VII in patients was strikingly reduced to 34% of that in controls, a level similar to that found in haemophilia B. The patients’ mean factor VII activity and factor VII antigen were also significantly reduced to 54% and 63% of those in controls, respectively. Mean factor XI activity and tissue factor pathway inhibitor activity were reduced in patients to 70% and 75% of control values respectively, while factor XII, factor XI antigen, factor X, prothrombin and protein C were normal.

Download Full-text

Parallel Reduction of Plasma Levels of High and Low Molecular Weight Kininogen in Patients with Cirrhosis

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1614849 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1428-1432 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Cheryl Scott ◽

Francesco Salerno ◽

Elettra Lorenzano ◽

Werner Müller-Esterl ◽

Angelo Agostoni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Liver Function ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Major Band ◽

Sds Page ◽

Normal Controls

SummaryLittle is known about the regulation of high-molecular-weight-kininogen (HK) and low-molecular-weight-kininogen (LK) or the relationship of each to the degree of liver function impairment in patients with cirrhosis. In this study, we evaluated HK and LK quantitatively by a recently described particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) and qualitatively by SDS PAGE and immunoblotting analyses in plasma from 33 patients with cirrhosis presenting various degrees of impairment of liver function. Thirty-three healthy subjects served as normal controls. Patients with cirrhosis had significantly lower plasma levels of HK (median 49 μg/ml [range 22-99 μg/ml]) and LK (58 μg/ml [15-100 μg/ml]) than normal subjects (HK 83 μg/ml [65-115 μg/ml]; LK 80 μg/ml [45-120 μg/ml]) (p < 0.0001). The plasma concentrations of HK and LK were directly related to plasma levels of cholinesterase (P < 0.0001) and albumin (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001) and inversely to the Child-Pugh score (P < 0.0001) and to prothrombin time ratio (P < 0.0001) (reflecting the clinical and laboratory abnormalities in liver disease). Similar to normal individuals, in patients with cirrhosis, plasma HK and LK levels paralleled one another, suggesting that a coordinate regulation of those proteins persists in liver disease. SDS PAGE and immunoblotting analyses of kininogens in cirrhotic plasma showed a pattern similar to that observed in normal controls for LK (a single band at 66 kDa) with some lower molecular weight forms noted in cirrhotic plasma. A slight increase of cleavage of HK (a major band at 130 kDa and a faint but increased band at 107 kDa) was evident. The increased cleavage of HK was confirmed by the lower cleaved kininogen index (CKI), as compared to normal controls. These data suggest a defect in hepatic synthesis as well as increased destructive cleavage of both kininogens in plasma from patients with cirrhosis. The decrease of important regulatory proteins like kininogens may contribute to the imbalance in coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, which frequently occurs in cirrhotic patients.

Download Full-text

Plasma Thrombospondin as an Indicator of Intravascular Platelet Activation in Patients with Vasculitis

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1646003 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 58 (03) ◽

pp. 850-852 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M B McCrohan ◽

S W Huang ◽

J W Sleasman ◽

P A Klein ◽

K J Kao

Keyword(s):

Platelet Activation ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Half Life ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Primary Source ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Activation Marker ◽

Fibrin Degradation Products ◽

The Mean

SummaryThe use of plasma thrombospondin (TSP) concentration was investigated as an indicator of intravascular platelet activation. Patients (n = 20) with diseases that have known vasculitis were included in the study. The range and the mean of plasma TSP concentrations of patients with vasculitis were 117 ng/ml to 6500 ng/ml and 791±1412 ng/ml (mean ± SD); the range and the mean of plasma TSP concentrations of control individuals (n = 33) were 13 ng/ml to 137 ng/ml and 59±29 ng/ml. When plasma TSP concentrations were correlated with plasma concentrations of another platelet activation marker, β-thromboglobulin (P-TG), it was found that the TSP concentration inei eased exponentially as the plasma β-TG level rose. A positive correlation between plasma levels of plasma TSP and serum fibrin degradation products was also observed. The results suggest that platelets are the primary source of plasma TSP in patients with various vasculitis and that plasma TSP can be a better indicator than β-TG to assess intravascular platelet activation due to its longer circulation half life.

Download Full-text