transdermal application
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2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Gian Maria Pacifici

Fentanyl is a systemic opioid related to the phenylpiperidines, it is used in anaesthetic practice and in analgesia and the analgesic effect is about 100 times higher than that of morphine. Fentanyl is highly lipid soluble, rapidly crosses the blood-brain-barrier, and fentanyl concentrations rapidly decline in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Fentanyl causes respiratory depression and decreases the heart rate through vagal activation. Fentanyl may be administered intravenously, orally, by transdermal, intranasal or by buccal application and the oral bioavailability is poor. In infants, fentanyl is given for short term use, sustained use, and during therapeutic hypothermia. In children, fentanyl is given intravenously, by transdermal application, or by buccal administration and the fentanyl dose varies with the child age and body-weight. Fentanyl has been found efficacy and safe in infants and children but it may induce adverse-effects and fentanyl causes different effects in infants and children. Following intravenous administration of fentanyl to infants and children, the fentanyl elimination half-life ranges from 208 to 1,266 min and the distribution volume ranges from 1.92 to 15.2 L/kg. Such variability is due to the wide variation of subject’s demographic characteristics. Fentanyl interacts with drugs, the treatment and trials with fentanyl have been studied in infants and children. Fentanyl freely crosses the human placenta and poorly migrates into the breast-milk. The aim of this study is to review fentanyl dosing, efficacy, safety, effects, adverse-effects, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interaction, treatment, and trials in infants and children, and fentanyl placental transfer and migration into the breast-milk.


Author(s):  
Thaisa C. de Oliveira ◽  
Maria Eduarda V. Tavares ◽  
José L. Soares-sobrinho ◽  
Luíse L. Chaves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Votinov ◽  
Irina S Knyazeva ◽  
Ute Habel ◽  
Kerstin Konrad ◽  
Andrei A. Puiu

We investigated the effects of testosterone administration on aspects of decision-making within the Prospect Theory framework. Using bayesian modeling, we assessed risk-taking under framing and Endowment Effect (effect of possession). We administered 100mg testosterone to forty men in a double-blind placebo-controlled fully-randomized cross-over experiment where they participated in two tasks. One was a risktaking task with binary choices under positive and negative framing with different probabilities. In a second task, participants had to bid for for two categories of items, hedonic and utilitarian. We observed a significant increase in serum testosterone concentrations after transdermal application. Compared to placebo, testosterone administration increased risk-taking under the positive framing and decreased under the negative framing. The sensitivity to gain was positive in each framing. Our model showed that decision-making is jointly influenced by testosterone and the trade-off between gains and losses. Moreover, while the endowment effect was more pronounced for hedonic than for utilitarian items, the effect was independent of testosterone. The findings provide novel information for the complex modulatory role of testosterone on risk-taking. The proposed models of effects of individual differences in testosterone on risk-taking could be used as predictive models.


Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 737
Author(s):  
Marina Pekmezovic ◽  
Melina Kalagasidis Krusic ◽  
Ivana Malagurski ◽  
Jelena Milovanovic ◽  
Karolina Stępień ◽  
...  

Novel biodegradable and biocompatible formulations of “old” but “gold” drugs such as nystatin (Nys) and amphotericin B (AmB) were made using a biopolymer as a matrix. Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) were used to formulate both polyenes (Nys and AmB) in the form of films (~50 µm). Thermal properties and stability of the materials were not significantly altered by the incorporation of polyenes in mcl-PHA, but polyene containing materials were more hydrophobic. These formulations were tested in vitro against a panel of pathogenic fungi and for antibiofilm properties. The films containing 0.1 to 2 weight % polyenes showed good activity and sustained polyene release for up to 4 days. A PHA monomer, namely 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (C10-OH), was added to the films to achieve an enhanced synergistic effect with polyenes against fungal growth. Mcl-PHA based polyene formulations showed excellent growth inhibitory activity against both Candida yeasts (C. albicans ATCC 1023, C. albicans SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876), C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019) and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 13073; Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 24102). All antifungal PHA film preparations prevented the formation of a C. albicans biofilm, while they were not efficient in eradication of mature biofilms, rendering them suitable for the transdermal application or as coatings of implants.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6252
Author(s):  
Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska ◽  
Rafał Rakoczy ◽  
Anna Nowak ◽  
Maciej Konopacki ◽  
Joanna Klebeko ◽  
...  

The potential of bacterial cellulose as a carrier for the transport of ibuprofen (a typical example of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) through the skin was investigated. Ibuprofen and its amino acid ester salts-loaded BC membranes were prepared through a simple methodology and characterized in terms of structure and morphology. Two salts of amino acid isopropyl esters were used in the research, namely L-valine isopropyl ester ibuprofenate ([ValOiPr][IBU]) and L-leucine isopropyl ester ibuprofenate ([LeuOiPr][IBU]). [LeuOiPr][IBU] is a new compound; therefore, it has been fully characterized and its identity confirmed. For all membranes obtained the surface morphology, tensile mechanical properties, active compound dissolution assays, and permeation and skin accumulation studies of API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) were determined. The obtained membranes were very homogeneous. In vitro diffusion studies with Franz cells were conducted using pig epidermal membranes, and showed that the incorporation of ibuprofen in BC membranes provided lower permeation rates to those obtained with amino acids ester salts of ibuprofen. This release profile together with the ease of application and the simple preparation and assembly of the drug-loaded membranes indicates the enormous potentialities of using BC membranes for transdermal application of ibuprofen in the form of amino acid ester salts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
Hyeon-deok Jo ◽  
Choun-sub Kim ◽  
Maeng-kyu Kim

PURPOSE:The present study aimed to investigate the effects of transdermal application of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on muscle damage and recovery following eccentric exercise in young men.METHODS: Eleven college-aged men without any cardiovascular or orthopedic disorders underwent two sessions consisting of a control session (CS) and an experimental session (ES) in a random order with at least 2 weeks of wash-out between the sessions. The participants performed 30 maximal eccentric exercises involving their non-dominant elbow flexors in each session. Circumference, muscle soreness, range of motion, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and muscular echo intensity (EI) were measured to evaluate the changes in the level of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). All measurements were performed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exercise and also immediately before and after exercise.RESULTS:Transdermal application of MSM in ES attenuated muscle swelling and decreased MVIC after eccentric exercise when compared with CS. Muscle soreness and EI tended to increase less rapidly and decrease more rapidly in ES than in CS.CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal application of MSM may induce relatively positive effects on EIMD and recovery following eccentric exercise when compared with the treatment that has been widely used previously.


Author(s):  
Mushtaq W ◽  

A very rare neurological complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection includes transverse myelitis. I assume a post-infectious etiology in terms of secondary immunogenic overreaction. Iontophoresis is the process of the permeation of ionic (charged) drugs into the body under the influence of electrical current. Besides increasing therapeutic efficiency by, by passing first pass metabolism there are less risks of systemic absorption and undesirable side effects. The study was conducted in a SARS-CoV-2 patient with transverse myelitis, by transdermal application of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, cyclophosphamide and miconazole by iontophoresis at corresponding vertebral levels to look for the neurological outcome who had been unresponsive to intravenous methylprednisolone. With Dexamethasone sodium phosphate and cyclophosphamide iontophoresis there was modulation of the activity of posterior grey column, fasiculus gracilis and corticospinal tracts, and with miconazole iontophoresis I was able to ameliorate the dyesthesias, fasiculations and muscle atrophy probably due to neuromodulation at substantia gelatinosa and lamina IX and remyelination effect. There were no systemic or localized side effects and no adverse effects occurred during the treatment period.


2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghannoum ◽  
J. Herrada ◽  
T. S. McCormick ◽  
L. Long

ABSTRACT Candida auris has demonstrated the ability to colonize the skin of hospitalized patients, possibly contributing to nosocomial spread. The objective of this study was to determine whether two novel transdermal agents could clear skin colonization established by C. auris. A murine skin colonization model was first optimized and then used to test fungal burden reduction following treatment with 1% terbinafine or 1% clotrimazole in a proprietary Advanced Penetration Technology formulation (APT). Both treatments significantly reduced fungal burden compared to that in control groups. These novel agents show promise as a topical means of preventing skin colonization by C. auris.


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