Visual-Field Restrictions in Cases of Reading Disability

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1215-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl A. Rubino ◽  
Harold A. Minden
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Reading Disabilities ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Visual Field Deficits

23 children who were attending a summer camp for children with learning disabilities and who demonstrated a reading disability at least one grade level below that expected on the basis of chronological age were selected for study. Peripheral visual-field limits were tested for both nasal and temporal fields in both eyes. Testing also took place for central visual field deficits. With very few exceptions the visual field limits were in the range of the accepted norm. 10 randomly selected Ss were retested and the results proved to be reliable as there were no significant differences on first and second testing. It was suggested that an additional study is required which should include a group of children with no reading disabilities.

scholarly journals The visual white matter connecting human area prostriata and the thalamus is retinotopically organized

2020 ◽  
Vol 225 (6) ◽  
pp. 1839-1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan W. Kurzawski ◽  
Kyriaki Mikellidou ◽  
Maria Concetta Morrone ◽  
Franco Pestilli
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Field Representation ◽  
Computing Platform ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Plane Extraction

Abstract The human visual system is capable of processing visual information from fovea to the far peripheral visual field. Recent fMRI studies have shown a full and detailed retinotopic map in area prostriata, located ventro-dorsally and anterior to the calcarine sulcus along the parieto-occipital sulcus with strong preference for peripheral and wide-field stimulation. Here, we report the anatomical pattern of white matter connections between area prostriata and the thalamus encompassing the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). To this end, we developed and utilized an automated pipeline comprising a series of Apps that run openly on the cloud computing platform brainlife.io to analyse 139 subjects of the Human Connectome Project (HCP). We observe a continuous and extended bundle of white matter fibers from which two subcomponents can be extracted: one passing ventrally parallel to the optic radiations (OR) and another passing dorsally circumventing the lateral ventricle. Interestingly, the loop travelling dorsally connects the thalamus with the central visual field representation of prostriata located anteriorly, while the other loop travelling more ventrally connects the LGN with the more peripheral visual field representation located posteriorly. We then analyse an additional cohort of 10 HCP subjects using a manual plane extraction method outside brainlife.io to study the relationship between the two extracted white matter subcomponents and eccentricity, myelin and cortical thickness gradients within prostriata. Our results are consistent with a retinotopic segregation recently demonstrated in the OR, connecting the LGN and V1 in humans and reveal for the first time a retinotopic segregation regarding the trajectory of a fiber bundle between the thalamus and an associative visual area.

A frequency-tagging electrophysiological method to identify central and peripheral visual field deficits

2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémie Hébert-Lalonde ◽  
Lionel Carmant ◽  
Dima Safi ◽  
Marie-Sylvie Roy ◽  
Maryse Lassonde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Visual Field Deficits ◽  
Electrophysiological Method

Relative Localization of Auditory and Visual Events Presented in Peripheral Visual Field

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Miyauchi ◽  
Dea-Gee Kang ◽  
Yukio Iwaya ◽  
Yôiti Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Relative Localization ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Pointing Task ◽  
Flashing Light ◽  
The Brain

The brain apparently remaps the perceived locations of simultaneous auditory and visual events into a unified audio-visual space to integrate and/or compare multisensory inputs. However, there is little qualitative or quantitative data on how simultaneous auditory and visual events are located in the peripheral visual field (i.e., outside a few degrees of the fovea). We presented a sound burst and a flashing light simultaneously not only in the central visual field but also in the peripheral visual field and measured the relative perceived locations of the sound and flash. The results revealed that the sound and flash were perceptually located at the same location when the sound was presented at a 5° periphery of the flash, even when the participants’ eyes were fixed. Measurements of the unisensory locations of each sound and flash in a pointing task demonstrated that the perceived location of the sound shifted toward the front, while the perceived location of the flash shifted toward the periphery. As a result, the discrepancy between the perceptual location of the sound and the flash was around 4°. This suggests that the brain maps the unisensory locations of auditory and visual events into a unified audio-visual space, enabling it to generate unisensory spatial information about the events.

scholarly journals The visual white matter connecting human area prostriata and the thalamus is retinotopically organized

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan W. Kurzawski ◽  
Kyriaki Mikellidou ◽  
Maria Concetta Morrone ◽  
Franco Pestilli
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Field Stimulation ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Field Representation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Optic Radiations

AbstractThe human visual system is capable of processing visual information from fovea to the far peripheral visual field. Recent fMRI studies have shown a full and detailed retinotopic map in area prostriata, located ventro-dorsally and anterior to the calcarine sulcus along the parietooccipital sulcus with strong preference for peripheral and wide-field stimulation. Here, we report the anatomical pattern of white-matter connections between area prostriata and the thalamus encompassing the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). We observe a continuous and extended bundle of white matter fibers from which two subcomponents can be extracted: one passing ventrally parallel to the optic radiations (OR) and another passing dorsally circumventing the lateral ventricle. Interestingly, the loop travelling dorsally connects the thalamus with the central visual field representation of prostriata, while the other loop travelling more ventrally connects the LGN with the more peripheral visual field representation. This is consistent with a retinotopic segregation recently demonstrated in the OR, connecting the LGN and V1 in humans. Our results demonstrate for the first time a retinotopic segregation regarding the trajectory of a fiber bundle between the thalamus and an associative visual area.

scholarly journals Foveal pRF properties in the visual cortex depend on the extent of stimulated visual field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokulraj Prabhakaran ◽  
Joana Carvalho ◽  
Azzurra Invernizzi ◽  
Martin Kanowski ◽  
Remco J. Renken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
List Type ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Cortical Projection ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Peripheral Stimulation

AbstractPrevious studies demonstrated that alterations in functional MRI derived receptive field (pRF) properties in cortical projection zones of retinal lesions can erroneously be mistaken for cortical large-scale reorganization in response to visual system pathologies. We tested, whether such confounds are also evident in the normal cortical projection zone of the fovea for simulated peripheral visual field defects. We applied fMRI-based visual field mapping of the central visual field at 3 Tesla in eight controls to compare the pRF properties of the central visual field of a reference condition (stimulus radius: 14°) and two conditions with simulated peripheral visual field defect, i.e., with a peripheral gray mask, stimulating only the central 7° or 4° radius. We quantified, for the cortical representation of the actually stimulated visual field, the changes in the position and size of the pRFs associated with reduced peripheral stimulation using conventional and advanced pRF modeling. We found foveal pRF-positions (≤3°) to be significantly shifted towards the periphery (p<0.05, corrected). These pRF-shifts were largest for the 4° condition [visual area (mean eccentricity shift): V1 (0.9°), V2 (0.9°), V3 (1.0°)], but also evident for the 7° condition [V1 (0.5°), V2 (0.5°), V3 (0.9°)]. Further, an overall enlargement of pRF-sizes was observed. These findings indicate the dependence of foveal pRF parameters on the spatial extent of the stimulated visual field. Consequently, our results imply that, previously reported similar findings in patients with actual peripheral scotomas need to be interpreted with caution and indicate the need for adequate control conditions in investigations of visual cortex reorganization.HighlightsFoveal pRF properties change in controls with restricted peripheral stimulationpRFs shift in position and enlarge in size for reduced stimulation extentAlterations in pRF characteristics in patients should be interpreted with cautionAdequate control conditions needed in investigations of visual cortex plasticity

Response properties of striate cortex neurons in cats raised with divergent or convergent strabismus

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Kalil ◽  
P. D. Spear ◽  
A. Langsetmo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Area 17 ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Field Representation ◽  
Adult Cats

Recordings were made from striate cortex in five groups of cats that had been raised with strabismus produced by sectioning the extraocular muscles. These groups included animals reared with exotropia, unilateral or bilateral esotropia, and esotropia combined with lid suture of the unoperated eye. In addition, a group of esotropes was studied in which the unoperated eye was removed a few hours prior to recording. For comparison, five normal adult cats were also studied. In each of the above groups, cells were sampled in the representations of the central and peripheral visual fields in area 17 ipsilateral and contralateral to the deviated eye. We mapped the receptive field of each responsive cell, determined its ocularity, and tested it for selectivity. Confirming previous work, we found a marked loss of cortical binocularity in cats raised with strabismus. On average only 7% of the neurons that we recorded could be driven by both eyes. This percentage was relatively constant at all cortical locations that were studied and was not influenced by whether cats had been reared with exotropia, unilateral esotropia, or bilateral esotropia. The percentage of selective cells driven by the deviated eye in exotropes or esotropes did not appear to be different from normal at most cortical locations (but see 5, below). In addition, we did not observe any bias in the axial preference of selective cells in strabismic cats when compared with normal adult cats. In both exotropes and esotropes the deviated eye drove fewer cells when compared with the proportion that are driven by one eye in normal cats. In exotropes this deficit did not vary at different cortical representations of the visual field. In esotropes, however, this deficit was graded, being least in the representation of the peripheral visual field in area 17 contralateral to the deviated eye, intermediate in the representations of the central visual field in the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres, and greatest in the representation of the peripheral visual field in ipsilateral area 17. Furthermore, only when recording from the peripheral field representation in the ipsilateral hemisphere did we encounter significant numbers of cells driven by the deviated eye that lacked normal selectivity. Since it is possible that deprivation of the converged eye during development might account for the deficits noted above, we attempted to evaluate this factor using several independent lines of evidence. First, we could find no correlation between the angle of esotropia and the ability of the deviated eye to drive ipsilateral cortical cells representing the peripheral visual field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

A Driving Simulation Study on Visual Cue Presented in the Peripheral Visual Field for Prompting Driver’s Attention

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-288
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
Makoto Itoh ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hazardous Event

This paper proposes a method for prompting drivers’ spatial attention by presenting visual cue in their peripheral visual field. Computer-generated images of forward-facing driving scenes were projected on a screen 6 m wide and 1.8 m high, with a 140° viewing angle. The gaze movement of subjects was measured when hazardous events were presented, such as cardboard boxes collapsing onto the road or a child running out into the road. The task defined for the subjects was to detect visual cue presented in their central visual field while observing the driving scene in front of them. A preceding visual cue was presented in the right and left visual fields, at a visual angle of 10° to 40°, for 1–5 s in advance of the visual cue presented in the center of the visual field. The detection time for the visual cue in the central visual field was then measured. The results of the experiments conducted with six subjects revealed two types of gaze movement patterns with respect to a hazardous event. In one type, the subjects broadly captured the overall scene without shifting their gaze markedly; in the other type, the subjects sequentially scanned the scene and fixed their gaze on the hazardous event when it occurred. The former type tended to be seen in subjects with long driving experience. It was also found that presenting visual cue in the peripheral visual field quickened recognition of the visual cue in the central visual field. By varying the viewing angle at which the preceding cue was presented in the peripheral visual field and the time interval between the presentation of the preceding cue and the detection cue in the central visual field, conditions were found for assisting prompt detection of the latter visual cue.

Reading Disabilities and Aggression

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Cornwall ◽  
Harry N. Bawden
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Reading Disabilities ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Specific Reading ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Learning

Several authors have suggested that there is a strong association between specific learning disabilities and aggression, antisocial behavior, and juvenile delinquency. Claims that learning disabilities cause aggressive behavior and delinquency are increasingly common in the popular press, and a variety of theories concerning this purported causal relationship have been proposed. This research is flawed by a lack of specificity in the definition of learning disabilities, with studies often examining heterogeneous groups of children with learning problems. The present review examines the relationship between specific reading disabilities (the most frequently diagnosed learning disability) and aggressive behavior. The data suggest that there is not enough evidence to conclude that reading disability causes aggressive or delinquent behavior, although limited evidence does suggest that reading disability may worsen preexisting aggressive behavior.

scholarly journals Periphery kinetic perimetry: clinically feasible to complement central static perimetry

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Ma ◽  
Li Tang ◽  
Xiaoming Chen ◽  
Liuzhi Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Automated Perimetry ◽  
Static Perimetry ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Visual Field Test ◽  
Kinetic Perimetry ◽  
Field Defects

Abstract Background Existing evidence suggests that visual field defect in eyes with glaucoma significantly varies between individuals. The following study compared the central visual field defects with the peripheral visual field defects in patients with suspect glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and investigated whether using the central visual field test alone could result in loss of clinically valuable information. Methods In this prospective observational study, 167 eyes from 89 patients with suspect glaucoma or POAG were first examined with static automated perimetry (SAP), followed by a peripheral visual field test on Octopus 900 perimeter (Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland). The peripheral visual field test was performed by “Auto Kinetic Perimetry” program, in which Goldmann III4e stimuli randomly moved along 16 vectors at a constant angular velocity of 5 deg/s. Results Glaucomatous peripheral visual field defects were seen in 18% of the eyes with a normal central visual field. In addition, 86% of glaucoma patients with moderate-to-severe central visual field defects had corresponding peripheral visual field defects in the form of localized or diffuse depression of the isopters. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was found between the central and peripheral visual fields. The median test duration was 71 s for the peripheral test and 803 s for the central test (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our study demonstrated the diversity of glaucomatous visual field defects, as well as the possibility of losing the clinically valuable information due to focusing on the central visual field test alone. The peripheral kinetic perimetry is clinically feasible to complement the central static perimetry for a comprehensive assessment of visual function in glaucoma patients.

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