Inhibition of Aggression against the Physically Disabled

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Levitt ◽  
Wayne Viney
Keyword(s):  
Electric Shock ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Physically Disabled

Female Ss ostensibly delivered electric shock to 2 successive targets who were perceived in one condition as normal and in another as physically disabled. The sequence of targets included a normal person followed by a disabled one and a disabled person followed by a normal one. Each sequence included all combinations of sex-target sequence. Administrator Ss delivered significantly more shock to normal than to disabled targets. The sequence disabled-normal, yielded significantly higher shock levels than the sequence, normal-disabled. The sex-sequence did not yield significant differences. A significant interaction between physical condition of target and physical condition sequence was characterized by large increases in shock delivered to normal targets when such targets were preceded by disabled targets. This displacement was explained by extension of the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Effect of High Ambient Temperature on Discriminated Avoidance

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1153-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Barofsky ◽  
David Hurwitz
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Baseline Training ◽  
Temperature Conditions

4 rats were trained to bar press to avoid electric shock during a 5-sec. presentation of a buzzer. Following baseline training, the intertrial intervals (7.5, 15, and 30 sec.), the shock intensity (0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 ma.), and the ambient temperature conditions (25° C and 35° C) were varied. The animals were exposed to all conditions twice. Rectal temperatures were measured pre- and post-session. No statistically significant changes in the frequency of avoidance responses or shocks received in the heat were observed at each intertrial interval tested. Rectal temperature increased as a function of heat exposure and shock intensity although there was no significant interaction between these variables.

scholarly journals Children's trust in the testimony of physically disabled or obese individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Jaffer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Obese Individual ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Physically Disabled ◽  
Negative Perceptions

Previous research has examined various factors that influence children’s trust in testimony. However, no studies have yet looked at children’s willingness to trust physically disabled or obese individuals. Evidence shows that children’s perception of the physically disabled may be both positive and negative, whereas their perception of overweight individuals is negative. Given these attitudes, Study 1 examined the possibility that children may place less trust in these individuals and their testimony. Four- and 5-year-old children were asked to endorse the testimony of one speaker (physically abled and non-obese vs physically disabled/obese) when conflicting testimony was provided. The results showed that children favoured the testimony of the physically abled and non-obese individual at a level significantly above chance. In Study 2, physical condition was pitted against past reliability, and 4- and 5-year-olds were asked to choose between a previously unreliable physically abled and non-obese individual or a previously reliable physically disabled or obese individual. The results indicated that overall children did not show a significant preference for one individual over another. In line with previous findings on children’s negative perceptions of physically disabled and obese individuals, children place less trust in their testimony, and past reliability might cancel out this effect.

scholarly journals Children's trust in the testimony of physically disabled or obese individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Jaffer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Obese Individual ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Physically Disabled ◽  
Negative Perceptions

Previous research has examined various factors that influence children’s trust in testimony. However, no studies have yet looked at children’s willingness to trust physically disabled or obese individuals. Evidence shows that children’s perception of the physically disabled may be both positive and negative, whereas their perception of overweight individuals is negative. Given these attitudes, Study 1 examined the possibility that children may place less trust in these individuals and their testimony. Four- and 5-year-old children were asked to endorse the testimony of one speaker (physically abled and non-obese vs physically disabled/obese) when conflicting testimony was provided. The results showed that children favoured the testimony of the physically abled and non-obese individual at a level significantly above chance. In Study 2, physical condition was pitted against past reliability, and 4- and 5-year-olds were asked to choose between a previously unreliable physically abled and non-obese individual or a previously reliable physically disabled or obese individual. The results indicated that overall children did not show a significant preference for one individual over another. In line with previous findings on children’s negative perceptions of physically disabled and obese individuals, children place less trust in their testimony, and past reliability might cancel out this effect.

Expression of Aggression toward the Physically Handicapped

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Titley ◽  
Wayne Viney
Keyword(s):  
Electric Shock ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Physically Disabled ◽  
Female Administrators ◽  
Physically Handicapped

With the exception of some inferences that can be drawn from previous literature, little is known about the expression of aggression toward the physically disabled. In this study, Ss ostensibly delivered electric shock to confederate “shock recipients” who played the role of both physically normal and physically handicapped individuals. Male “shock administrators” aggressed more than females in general. Male administrators delivered more shock toward disabled than to normal recipients while female administrators delivered more shock to normal than to disabled recipients. Female administrators delivered more shock to males than females while male administrators delivered more shock to females than males. Alternative methodologies to investigate these variables were presented.

Study on erythrocytes by SEM photogrammetry (SEMP) technique

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-725
Author(s):  
Tong Wensheng ◽  
Lu Lianhuang ◽  
Zhang Zhijun
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Blood Disease ◽  
Computation Technique ◽  
Important Basis

This is a combined study of two diffirent branches, photogrammetry and morphology of blood cells. The three dimensional quantitative analysis of erythrocytes using SEMP technique, electron computation technique and photogrammetry theory has made it possible to push the study of mophology of blood cells from LM, TEM, SEM to a higher stage, that of SEM P. A new path has been broken for deeply study of morphology of blood cells.In medical view, the abnormality of the quality and quantity of erythrocytes is one of the important changes of blood disease. It shows the abnormal blood—making function of the human body. Therefore, the study of the change of shape on erythrocytes is the indispensable and important basis of reference in the clinical diagnosis and research of blood disease.The erythrocytes of one normal person, three PNH Patients and one AA patient were used in this experiment. This research determines the following items: Height;Length of two axes (long and short), ratio; Crevice in depth and width of cell membrane; Circumference of erythrocytes; Isoline map of erythrocytes; Section map of erythrocytes.

A Developmental Study of Intonation Recognition

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn M. Corlew
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Better Than

Two experiments investigated the information conveyed by intonation from speaker to listener. A multiple-choice test was devised to test the ability of 48 adults to recognize and label intonation when it was separated from all other meaning. Nine intonation contours whose labels were most agreed upon by adults were each matched with two English sentences (one with appropriate and one with inappropriate intonation and semantic content) to make a matching-test for children. The matching-test was tape-recorded and given to children in the first, third, and fifth grades (32 subjects in each grade). The first-grade children matched the intonations with significantly greater agreement than chance; but they agreed upon significantly fewer sentences than either the third or fifth graders. Some intonation contours were matched with significantly greater frequency than others. The performance of the girls was better than that of the boys on an impatient question and a simple command which indicates that there was a significant interaction between sex and intonation.

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