The influence of Paternalistic leadership on the commitment and job satisfaction of the employees – A field study from the point of view of female administrators in academic departments at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah –: تأثير القيادة الأبوية على الالتزام والرضا الوظيفي – دراسة ميدانية من وجهة نظر الموظفات الإداريات في الأقسام الأكاديمية في جامعة الملك عبد العزيز بجدة –

The problem statement of this study is to check the influence of paternalistic leadership on the commitment and job satisfaction from the point of view of female administrators in academic departments at King Abdulaziz University. The aim of this study to contribute to increase the attention for the researchers to apply paternalistic leadership style, open the way for new studies, and help officials of academic departments in Saudi universities to upgrade the quality of the performance of the services provided by their subordinates through applying the paternalistic leadership style in their departments. The population of the study of female administrators in academic departments at King Abdulaziz University and a number of approximately 700 employees, the study sample was selected at random which has been adopted (63) The identification of origin (78). It has been used descriptive analytical method. And to analyze and manipulate data using a statistical computer program (SPSS). After the study data statistically analyzed the results showed that managers dealing with their employees by using paternalistic leadership style. In addition, there is a positive relationship between paternalistic leadership style and commitment of the employees. Although the leader was sometimes resorted to the use of authoritarian paternalistic leadership style, but the results showed that there is a functional commitment to the organization by the study sample. Also, there is a positive relationship between paternalistic leadership style and job satisfaction for the employees, even if the managers deal with their employees by using authoritarian paternalistic leadership style. In light of the results, researcher reached to a number of recommendations which is the most important one there is a need to apply the paternalistic leadership style by managers as it imparts the positive side on the commitment and job satisfaction of the employees. Finally, the researcher recommends to conduct more research in the paternalistic leadership style from the point of view of male administrators in academic departments at King Abdulaziz University, and comparing the results with the present study to determine the influence of Paternalistic leadership on the commitment and job satisfaction of the employees in the point of view of male and female employees.

درجة ممارسة القيادة الريادية لدى العاملين الإداريين في جامعة الأزهر بغزة وعلاقتها بالبراعة التنظيمية لديهم

ملخص: هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى درجة ممارسة القيادة الريادية لدى العاملين الإداريين في جامعة الأزهر بغزة وعلاقتها بمستوى البراعة التنظيمية لديهم، وذلك من وجهة نظرهم، وباستخدام المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، والرجوع للأدبيات السابقة، تم بناء استبانة تكونت من (41) فقرة موزعة على (6) مجال، هي: (الإبداع، والرؤية الاستراتيجية، وتحمل المخاطرة، والمبادأة، والاستغلال، والاستكشاف)، وبعد التأكد من صدقها وثباتها، تم تطبيقها على جميع الإداريين في جامعة الأزهر وعددهم (208) موظفاً وموظفة وقد تم استرداد (189) استبانة بنسبة استرداد (91%)، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن درجة ممارسة القيادة الريادية لدى العاملين الإداريين كانت “مرتفعة” وبوزن نسبي (76.3%)، ومستوى البراعة التنظيمية لديهم كان “مرتفعاً” أيضاً، وبوزن نسبي (78%)، كذلك وُجدت علاقة ارتباطية موجبة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين درجة ممارسة القيادة الريادية لدى العاملين الإداريين في جامعة الأزهر ومستوى البراعة التنظيمية لديهم، ووجود أثر لممارسة القيادة الريادية لدى العاملين الإداريين في تحسين مستوى البراعة التنظيمية لديهم. الكلمات المفتاحية: القيادة الريادية، البراعة التنظيمية، الجامعات الفلسطينية. Abstract The study aimed to identify the degree of entrepreneurial leadership practice among administrators at Al-Azhar University in Gaza and its relationship to their level of organizational ambidexterity, from their point of view. The approach of the study was the descriptive / correlational approach. By referring to previous literature, a questionnaire was prepared consisting of (41) items distributed on (6) aspects: (creativity, strategic vision, risk tolerance, initiative, exploitation, and exploration) The researcher applied it after being sure of its validity and stability to all members of the study population: (208) male and female administrators at Al-Azhar University . (189) questionnaires were obtained from (208) distributed questionnaires, with a (91%) recovery rate. Results of the study showed that the degree of leadership practice among administrative workers had a “relative weight” of (76.3%), and their level of organizational ambidexterity had a “relative weight” of (78.0). A positive correlation was also found. Statistical significance between the degree of entrepreneurial leadership practice among administrative workers at Al-Azhar University and their level of organizational ambidexterity was also found. Moreover, results of the study also showed that practicing leadership among administrative workers improved to some extent their level of organizational ambidexterity. Keywords: Entrepreneurial leadership, Organizational ambidexterity, Palestinian universities.

Servant Leadership Reality Practice and its Impact on Job Involvement – A field Study on Administrative Staff of King Abdul-Aziz University - Female Section in Sulaymaniyah –: واقع ممارسة القيادة الخادمة وأثرها على تحقيق الاستغراق الوظيفي – دراسة ميدانية على إداريات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز - شطر الطالبات بالسليمانية –

The aim of this research is to identify the role of servant leadership with its dimensions (empowering others- humility- accountability- acceptance-giving directions- Stewardship) in achieving job involvement for King Abdul-Aziz University female administrators. In order to fulfill the research objectives, descriptive analytical methodology was used, and questionnaire was utilized to collect the required data from (166) participants; the data were statistically analysesd. Several statistical functions were used on the collected date. The most important result is stated that there is an impact and a relationship between servant leadership and job involvement. Showing that, giving more attention to the practice of servant leadership behaviours may lead to the enhancement of KAU administrator's job involvement. Accordingly, this research introduces some recommendations, such as, giving leadership literature more concern by providing the organizations with new books and scientific journals about leadership types, competencies and traits; this will encourage employees to read them. Moreover, organization should focus on employee's job involvement; this may benefit the organization in a way that would give a higher impact on the employee's work desire, this in turn, can positively enhance organizational performance indicators such as; productivity, job turnover, job security, efficiency, effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. In addition, the organization should give more concern to provide a healthier workplace that could trigger the employees' enthusiasm, morality and job involvement; as a result, employees may gain a positive feeling and good impression towards achieving the organization goals.

The Moderating Effect of the Presence of Female Executives on the Relationship Between Accounting Conservatism and Cash Holdings

This paper aims to providing evidence for a relationship that could be established between accounting conservatism and cash holdings and to integrating the moderating effect of the presence of women directors on this relationship. The study was carried out on a sample of 100 French companies listed in the SBF120 index over a 5 year period. In general, the results show that the effect of accounting conservatism on the holding of liquidity is positive and significant and that the role of female administrators reinforces this relationship.

Segregation as Efficiency? Group-Specific Institutions in North India

A number of nations have instituted group-specific institutions or “enclaves” for women. The assumption underpinning such bodies—physically distinct, autonomous units in which constituent members belong entirely to a particular group—is that the segregation of female administrators will better serve the interests of women by isolating them from patriarchal norms and practices. I scrutinize this assumption by examining India's experience with all-women police stations, and carry out eight months of ethnographic research in and around police stations across the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. I find that while all-women police stations allow complainants to speak freely, they may also diminish capacity for female administrators working in law enforcement, create hurdles for victims of violence, and, in some ways, marginalize gender issues from the mainstream.

Effective Language Teachers’ Characteristics as Perceived by English Language Private Institutes’ Administrators in Iran

Recruiting wisely from the available supply of teachers is one of the instructional roles of school administrators. Their hiring and retaining decisions, among other things, can influence learners' achievements. The number of studies examining the features of effective language teachers in the eyes of administrators is limited. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine how effective language teachers are perceived by administrators of English Private Language Institutes in Iran. To this end, 27 male and female administrators were selected and interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the narrative data. The results of coding revealed several characteristics of effective language teachers, which were categorized and grouped under seven themes: teacher’s appearance, personal traits, business-related traits, love of the profession, professional competence, work experience, and interpersonal relationship. The perceptions of this group of stakeholders were then compared and contrasted with the features mentioned in the literature and interpreted in view of the commercialization of education. The study concluded that the administrators gave lower priority to learning outcomes and educational concerns. For the administrators, teachers’ appearance and their traits are more important than some job-related features. These features are assumed to be closely related to the third dominant theme of business-related characteristics. The results, overall, might reflect the teachers' obligation to adjust their practices to the administrators' expectations, which are, in turn, influenced by the primacy of commercial interests over learning and teaching interests. The findings of the study may have implications for teacher educators, teaching candidates and working teachers.

The role of women in managing waste banks and supporting waste management in local communities

This paper aims to describe women’s role with active participation in waste management within their communities. The environmental awareness education of citizens combined with the application of the ‘4Rs’ principle (reduce, reuse, recycle, and replant) is necessary to develop waste banks to resolve the issue of waste. Waste bank management is predicted to be the best solution for the municipal waste management and increases the public’s awareness of recycling household waste as a waste management strategy. An increase in awareness begins at the community level. Women can be as social capital in community with the capacity to move the community through their active role in waste management activities. This study considered citizens in Karang Resik, Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia and used the emancipatory participation methods of counselling, educating, and training. The results showed that the presence of a waste bank educated residents to be disciplined in managing their waste and provided extra income from waste collection. Moreover, it strengthened the social cohesion for women within the community. This study shows that local female administrators in family welfare empowerment programmes can be used as role models for other women and can provide a significant impact on waste management.

“The Job Is Yours!” Deconstructing the Gender Gap in Higher Education

The underrepresentation of female Administrators in higher education is not decreasing even though education continues to be a field dominated by women. The overall percentage of women leading colleges and universities in the United States remains disproportionately low at 26%. This ambiguous case study examines whether or not the Higher Education Administration continues to perpetuate gender inequalities through simplistic and, often times, unconscious hiring and mentoring practices scaffolding upon good intentions.

Earnings Differences among Senior University Administrators: Evidence by Gender and Academic Field

This study examines earnings inequality by gender and academic field among senior university administrators, including presidents, vice presidents, associate and assistant vice presidents, and deans, using data from the Canadian province of Ontario. While a 4.4 percent earnings gap between male and female administrators is initially identified, much of the gap is explained by earnings inequality across academic fields and by the career experience of the administrators. Administrators who specialize in professional fields such as engineering, health sciences, law, and social work earn between 12 percent and 33 percent more than administrators who specialize in liberal fields in the humanities and social sciences.