The Effect of Obesity on Musculosceletal System

Obesity arises and persists during an excessive long-term pos- itive energy balance. Risk factors for the development of obe- sity are, in particular: ahigh-calorie diet, low physical activity; adaptation to asedentary lifestyle; irregular diet. The most commonly used criterion for assessing obesity is the Body Mass Index – BMI. The incidence of obesity in Europe is be- tween 10% to 25% in women, while more than 50% of the pop- ulation in most European countries is overweight and obese. The effect of obesity on the musculoskeletal system is demon- strable in patients who suffer its consequences during their life. Long-term overweight is the cause of excessive strain on bones, joints and muscles, which over time, due to the chronic course of obesity, affects almost every obese individual. Obesity prevention programs, the development of a healthy lifestyle, healthy eating and exercise-related activities are our common goals for preventing obesity.

Big Data Energy Consumption Monitoring Technology of Obese Individuals Based on MEMS Sensor

The application of micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) is more and more extensive, involving military, medical, communication and other major fields. The progress of science and technology has brought cross era changes to human beings, but also brought troubles to human beings. Because machines can replace most people, which leads to a significant reduction in human exercise, many people have the symptoms of obesity. Therefore, how to effectively detect human exercise energy consumption is of great significance to improve obesity symptoms. The energy consumption detector takes stm32f103zet6 as the core processor and uses the inertial sensor mpu6050 to build a MEMS sensor system to monitor the daily motion state and gait of human body in real time. In the design of the big data algorithm, the adaptive peak detection and step, decision tree two-level classification of motion recognition big data algorithm are organically integrated, and then combined with the acceleration vector value of the motion energy detection big data algorithm, to process the collected motion data, including the acceleration signal, gyroscope and other data processing, and finally complete the feature extraction, get the final recognition and detection results. Through the data reference, we can know that the system can recognize different human motion states. Among them, it has 95% accuracy in the motion recognition of sitting, standing, walking, running, going up and down stairs and lying back, which is basically the same as the top detectors on the market. In the energy consumption detection, it also has 95% accuracy, which proves the correctness of the experimental big data algorithm design, and also improves the accuracy It is proved that the system has good performance and high practicability, and can provide a new idea for obese individual motion detection.

Climate Change, Obesity, and COVID-19—Global Crises with Catastrophic Consequences. Is This the Future?

Climate change and obesity were considered threats to our planet long before the onset of COVID-19. The recent pandemic has enhanced the global burden of both pre-existing crises. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the interaction between the three concurrent crises and the future of our planet should they not be dealt with accordingly. A PubMed and Google Scholar literature search was performed using different combinations of search strategies and using the keywords “obesity”, “climate/temperature change”, “cold/hot temperatures”, and “COVID-19”. High global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions link obesity and climate change as a result of the interplay between biological and behavioural factors. COVID-19 mitigation measures have indirectly impacted obesity and GHG emissions through the shift in dietary habits, restricted mobility, the impact on healthcare services, and enhanced psychological stress. Furthermore, COVID-19 has a more detrimental effect if acquired by an obese individual, with a higher chance of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation. This leads to higher GHG emissions and negative repercussions on the climate. A tri-directional relationship exists between obesity, climate change, and COVID-19. Various factors contribute to this relationship, but unless urgent global integrated action plans are implemented that target all three calamities, and not just COVID-19, a devastating and unsustainable future may ensue.

Children's trust in the testimony of physically disabled or obese individuals

Previous research has examined various factors that influence children’s trust in testimony. However, no studies have yet looked at children’s willingness to trust physically disabled or obese individuals. Evidence shows that children’s perception of the physically disabled may be both positive and negative, whereas their perception of overweight individuals is negative. Given these attitudes, Study 1 examined the possibility that children may place less trust in these individuals and their testimony. Four- and 5-year-old children were asked to endorse the testimony of one speaker (physically abled and non-obese vs physically disabled/obese) when conflicting testimony was provided. The results showed that children favoured the testimony of the physically abled and non-obese individual at a level significantly above chance. In Study 2, physical condition was pitted against past reliability, and 4- and 5-year-olds were asked to choose between a previously unreliable physically abled and non-obese individual or a previously reliable physically disabled or obese individual. The results indicated that overall children did not show a significant preference for one individual over another. In line with previous findings on children’s negative perceptions of physically disabled and obese individuals, children place less trust in their testimony, and past reliability might cancel out this effect.

Children's trust in the testimony of physically disabled or obese individuals

Previous research has examined various factors that influence children’s trust in testimony. However, no studies have yet looked at children’s willingness to trust physically disabled or obese individuals. Evidence shows that children’s perception of the physically disabled may be both positive and negative, whereas their perception of overweight individuals is negative. Given these attitudes, Study 1 examined the possibility that children may place less trust in these individuals and their testimony. Four- and 5-year-old children were asked to endorse the testimony of one speaker (physically abled and non-obese vs physically disabled/obese) when conflicting testimony was provided. The results showed that children favoured the testimony of the physically abled and non-obese individual at a level significantly above chance. In Study 2, physical condition was pitted against past reliability, and 4- and 5-year-olds were asked to choose between a previously unreliable physically abled and non-obese individual or a previously reliable physically disabled or obese individual. The results indicated that overall children did not show a significant preference for one individual over another. In line with previous findings on children’s negative perceptions of physically disabled and obese individuals, children place less trust in their testimony, and past reliability might cancel out this effect.

Association of COVID-19 with obesity

COVID-19 is a disease that cause respiratory illness due to novel corona virus. It was reported to WHO on December 31,2019 for the first time. The outbreak of this disease started from Wuhan city, China. Now COVID-19 pandemic is spreading worldwide mostly in Europe and North America, these regions have high prevalence of obesity. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease, obesity assumes a significant job. The insusceptible framework, which is official in the pathogenesis of COVID19, assumes a significant job in weight instigated fat tissue aggravation. In the fat tissue the irritation brings about metabolic brokenness conceivably prompting dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin obstruction, hypertension and cardiovascular sickness. Obesity has been expanded the vulnerability to contaminations. In this pandemic, a large number of obese individual with Covid-19 are reported. Infection rate in obese is greater due to poor immunity, comorbidity and inadequate nutritional needs. Statistical analysis showed that about 41.7% patients reported in New York city were obese. Whereas 40% obese have been reported in United State of America with Covid-19. A report from UK indicated that 38% obese were admitted in ICU with Covid-19. According to Chinese researchers, obese individuals are 3-times more prone toward the development of Covid-19. So recent analysis indicated that obesity is the major risk factor of Covid-19. In COVID-19, overweight and obese patients have high danger of metabolic difficulties and eternal infections that stoutness works. More nutrition care is required for such patients. As nutrition is a key factor for keeping up human wellbeing, for example, dense impervious framework and satisfactory admission of supplements and dietary enhancements. Tolerant with COVID-19 create contamination from slight to serious indications bound to the dietary status. Consequently, assessing wholesome status of individuals with contamination turns out to be increasingly significant. Through dietary help, we can bring down the danger of oxidative pressure, infection contamination and expands invulnerability framework among obese people especially.

Healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns and their role on 10-year transition to metabolically unhealthy status in obese participants of the ATTICA prospective (2002–2012) study

Background/Introduction Plant-based diets have been widely promoted for their protective role on cardiometabolic health. However, in the recent literature it is highly suggested that the quality of plant-based diets varies. Purpose The association between plant-based diet indices and 10-year transition to metabolically unhealthy status in metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals was assessed. Methods A prospective study was conducted during 2001–2012 studying n=1,514 males and n=1,528 females (aged >18 years old) free of CVD. Healthy metabolic status was defines as absence of all NCEP ATP III (2005) metabolic syndrome components (excluding waist circumference). Follow-up CVD assessment (2011–2012) was achieved in n=2,020 participants (n=317 cases). Overall, healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary indices (PDI, hPDI and uPDI) were created through a standard procedure; hPDI was principally characterized by increased consumption of fruits/vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes, oils, tea/coffee while uPDI was related with increased intake of juices, sweetened beverages, refined grains, potatoes and sweets. Results MHO prevalence reached 4.8% (n=146) (4.9% in men and 4.7% in women, p=0.198). 28.2% of obese participants presented a metabolically benign status. Within the decade, almost half of MHO participants resulted as metabolically unhealthy obese (45% in men and 54% in women, p=0.04). Ranking from 1st to 3rd PDI tertile, transition to metabolically unhealthy status was for men, 63%, 48% and 22% (p<0.001) and for women 67%, 58% and 34% (p<0.001). Multiadjusted analysis revealed significant inverse associations between PDI and 10-year transition to metabolically unhealthy status for men [Hazard Ratio (HR) (3rd vs. 1st tertile)=0.63 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) (0.41, 0.95)] yet –borderline significantly– for women [HR (3rd vs. 1st PDI tertile) = 0.82 95% CI (0.67, 1.09)]. When the indices for quality of plant-based patterns were used (hPDI and uPDI), only participants assigned to the higher level of adherence to healthful plant-based pattern retained their metabolically healthy profile with this relation being stronger in women; [HR (3rd vs. 1st hPDI tertile) = 0.55 95% CI (0.37, 0.84), for women] and [HR (3rd vs. 1st hPDI tertile) = 0.79 95% CI (0.64, 1.03), for men]. Similarly, the aggravating effect of high adherence to less healthful plant-based food choices was higher for women [HR (3rd vs. 1st uPDI tertile) = 1.68 95% CI (1.23, 1.99)]. Conclusions Higher adherence to plant-based diet was associated with substantially higher likelihood for an obese individual to long-term retain its healthy metabolic status. Most importantly, the healthy or unhealthy food choices within this pattern seemed to determine cardiometabolic status with stronger remarks in women. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Other. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by a research grant from Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society. The ATTICA study is supported by research grants from the Hellenic Cardiology Society [HCS2002] and the Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society [HAS2003].

The impact of obesity on absenteeism among working adults in Portugal and its costs

Background Obesity leeds to poor health and may afffect work productivity. We aim to investigate the association between obesity and absenteeism and its indirect costs. Methods Individuals employeed and actively working at baseline form the EpiDoC Cohort, a large portuguese population-based prospective study analized from 2011 to 2016. Body mass index was assessed during baseline appointment. Follow-up assessment was performed through a phone interview and self reported absenteeism defined by the question”did you have a sick leave in previous 12 months? yes/no”, followed by the number of days missed work due to sickness in the previous twelve months.(1) Negative Binomial Regression model estimated the association between obesity and absenteeism. Indirect costs were computed using the human-capital method. Results EpiDoC cohort had 4338 participants who were working adults at baseline. The prevalence of obesity among working adults was 15.2% and of absenteeism was 29.4%. Obesity was associated with an increase in absenteeism incidence rate ratio by 31% (p < 0.01). Obese individual miss 3.9 days per year (95% CI 3.1-4.5). This number is higher in women, 4.6 days per year (95% CI 3.6-5.6) and according to the professional categories women with white collar professions were 82% (p < 0.01) more likely to miss work than peers with their normal weight. Extrapolating for the entire working population, absenteeism due to obesity has an estimated cost of 236€ million per year. Conclusions Obesity is an independent risk factor for absenteeism among working adults wich leads to high societal burden in terms of costs. Food and nutrition policies are needed in order improve food patterns and reduce obesity levels among south european population. Key messages Obesity is an independent risk factor for absenteeism among working adults. Obesity increases absenteeism mainly in women and has a major impact on economies.

The investigation effect of weight loss on serum vaspin, apelin-13, and obestatin levels in obese individual

ObjectivesIt was aimed to investigate if there were any significant corresponding changes on adipokine levels in obese subjects who achieved a 10% reduction in body weight.MethodsThirty obese and 25 healthy adults were enrolled in present study, and serum levels of vaspin, apelin-13, obestatin, and insulin were determined with the ELISA method.ResultsThe serum obestatin and apelin-13 values of the obese group obtained as basal and after weight loss was significantly lower than in controls (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively); however, weight loss did not cause significant changes on these parameters in obese groups (p>0.05). The vaspin level did not differ between the groups (p>0.05). The obese group had characterized increased serum insulin and insulin resistance assessment by the homeostatic assay (HOMA-IR) levels compared to controls (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively); also, weight loss caused a significant decrease in these parameters compared to basal levels (p<0.01). No significant correlation was detected among the vaspin, apelin-13 and obestatin levels in the obese group (p>0.05).ConclusionsObese individuals exhibited decreased levels of apelin-13 and obestatin. Moreover, 10% weight loss caused a significant reduction of insulin resistance, but no significant change was detected on apelin-13, obestatin, and vaspin levels.

Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 infection with chronic obesity inflammation: a complex network phenomenon

Obesity is one of the biggest public health problems in the world, and its pathophysiological characteristics include chronic inflammation with an increase in various circulating inflammatory markers, such as acute inflammatory cytokines. Complications in the respiratory tract are related to bodily problems, which lead to a restriction of lung function due to reduced volume, inducing an increase in respiratory work. SARS-CoV-2 has a high potential for contamination by respiratory secretions and, therefore, obesity is one of the main risk factors for complications due to the association established between obesity, chronic inflammation and respiratory infection. The objective was to analyze the complex relationships between obesity and COVID-19 in a meta-analysis study using complex network modeling and the theoretical knockouts technique. Here, we identify and justify through a mathematical analysis the relationships between all the immunological agents added to the proposed immunological networks, considered as a simple evident interaction, relationship, influence, response, activation, based on our quantifiers. They performed the knockouts of all 52 vertices in the COVID-19 network and obesity - regardless of the environment, which would result in nonsense - and the COVID-19 infection network without considering obesity. The stationary flow vector (flow profile), for some knockouts of immunological interest in COVID-19 infections, was chosen IFNα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and TNFα. This initial study pointed out the importance of chronic inflammation in the obese individual as an important factor in potentiating the disease caused by covid-19 and, in particular, the importance on IL-17.