Acquisition and Extinction of a Runway Response under Odor-Intensified or -Minimized Conditions, Within-Subjects Trial Administration, and a One-Minute Intertrial Interval

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
James H. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Within Subjects

A two-phase study was conducted during which 2 groups of albino rats received the same schedule of reward and nonreward, the same magnitude of reward and nonreward confinement, the same intertrial and intersubject intervals and the same trial order. The only difference was that one group of Ss was trained and extinguished under an odor-intensified condition, whereas the second group was trained and extinguished under an odor-reduced condition. In the goal segment Ss trained under an odor-intensified condition discriminated the schedule perfectly during acquisition and were less resistant to extinction than Ss trained under the odor-reduced condition. Following a 2-wk. interval, Phase II, the groups underwent acquisition and extinction again under reversed odor-conditions. The results were replicated within the study.

Survival estimation in two-phase cohort studies with application to biomarkers evaluation

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 2895-2908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Rebora ◽  
Maria Grazia Valsecchi
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Survival Estimation ◽  
Predictive Role

Two-phase studies are attractive for their economy and efficiency in research settings where large cohorts are available for investigating the prognostic and predictive role of novel genetic and biological factors. In this type of study, information on novel factors is collected only in a convenient subcohort (phase II) drawn from the cohort (phase I) according to a given (optimal) sampling strategy. Estimation of survival in the subcohort needs to account for the design. The Kaplan–Meier method, based on counts of events and of subjects at risk in time, must be applied accounting, with suitable weights, for the sampling probabilities of the subjects in phase II, in order to recover the representativeness of the subcohort for the entire cohort. The authors derived a proper variance estimator of survival by linearization. The proposed method is applied in the context of a two-phase study on childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which was planned in order to evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms on treatment failure due to relapse. The method has shown satisfactory performance through simulations under different scenarios, including the case–control setting, and proved to be useful for describing results in the clinical example.

scholarly journals Effect of Pharmacists’ Interventions on the Appropriateness of Empiric Vancomycin Therapy in Oncology Patients with Febrile Neutropenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Nour Baghdady ◽  
Daniel Voit ◽  
Anne M. McDonell ◽  
David W. Kubiak
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Neutropenia ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Vancomycin Therapy ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Oncology Patients ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Pharmacy Intervention ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Objective Evidence

The purpose of this observational study is to evaluate the effect of an active pharmacy intervention to facilitate timely discontinuation of empiric vancomycin therapy in oncology patients with febrile neutropenia who lack objective evidence of a Gram-positive infection. This was a two-phase study. Vancomycin use was evaluated retrospectively on all oncology patients with febrile neutropenia over four weeks (phase I). In a parallel four weeks a year later, vancomycin use in this patient population was evaluated prospectively (phase II). In the absence of evidence of Gram-positive infection after 72 hours of treatment initiation, the team was contacted by a pharmacist to encourage discontinuation. Usage was compared between both phases. Forty-three patients in phase I and 25 patients in phase II were treated with vancomycin with no evidence for Gram-positive infections. Pharmacists’ interventions were documented on 18 patients in phase II. Of these, 56% of interventions to discontinue vancomycin were accepted, but only 33.3% of patients had treatment stopped within 72 hours of initiation. Although not significant, a trend in more appropriate use of vancomycin in oncology patients with febrile neutropenia was observed. Pharmacist’s interventions might have played a role in this observation.

Acquisition and Extinction of a Runway Response as a Function of a Between- or Within-Subjects Odor Condition

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
Thomas P. Cox ◽  
Cecil C. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Odor Control ◽  
Daily Trial ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Goal Approach ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Odor Group

2 groups of albino rats received the same schedule of reward and nonreward (NNNRN), the same magnitude of reward, the same intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Each S in a partial reinforcement, within- Ss group received all 5 daily trials before the second S received its first daily trial, etc. Tor Ss in a between- Ss, odor group, 4 other Ss received a given trial before the first S received its second trial, etc. Thus, the only difference between these groups was whether an S followed itself or other Ss. The results showed that during acquisition there was no difference in goal approach rate between the groups, but during extinction, the group of Ss receiving all trials before others were tested extinguished significantly faster than the group of Ss run 1 trial at a time in the start, run, and goal segments of the runway. The study points to important methodological considerations for odor control.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Analysis of the In Vivo Motion of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Leads

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamas Szili-Torok ◽  
Jens Rump ◽  
Torsten Luther ◽  
Sing-Chien Yap
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Maximum Curvature ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Absolute Curvature ◽  
Icd Leads ◽  
Lead Testing ◽  
Design And Testing

Abstract Better understanding of the lead curvature, movement and their spatial distribution may be beneficial in developing lead testing methods, guiding implantations and improving life expectancy of implanted leads. Objective The aim of this two-phase study was to develop and test a novel biplane cine-fluoroscopy-based method to evaluate input parameters for bending stress in leads based on their in vivo 3D motion using precisely determined spatial distributions of lead curvatures. Potential tensile, compressive or torque forces were not subjects of this study. Methods A method to measure lead curvature and curvature evolution was initially tested in a phantom study. In the second phase using this model 51 patients with implanted ICD leads were included. A biplane cine-fluoroscopy recording of the intracardiac region of the lead was performed. The lead centerline and its motion were reconstructed in 3D and used to define lead curvature and curvature changes. The maximum absolute curvature Cmax during a cardiac cycle, the maximum curvature amplitude Camp and the maximum curvature Cmax@amp at the location of Camp were calculated. These parameters can be used to characterize fatigue stress in a lead under cyclical bending. Results The medians of Camp and Cmax@amp were 0.18 cm−1 and 0.42 cm−1, respectively. The median location of Cmax was in the atrium whereas the median location of Camp occurred close to where the transit through the tricuspid valve can be assumed. Increased curvatures were found for higher slack grades. Conclusion Our results suggest that reconstruction of 3D ICD lead motion is feasible using biplane cine-fluoroscopy. Lead curvatures can be computed with high accuracy and the results can be implemented to improve lead design and testing.

scholarly journals Nurses’ educational needs when dealing with aggression from patients and their families: a mixed-methods study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e041711
Author(s):  
Kana Sato ◽  
Yoshimi Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Sequential Mixed Methods ◽  
Nursing Professionals ◽  
Educational Contents

ObjectivesTo explore the type of education needed for nurses when dealing with aggression from patients and their families.DesignA two-phase sequential mixed-methods study.SettingThis study was conducted in Japan, with phase I from March to November 2016 and phase II in November 2018.Main outcome measuresThe challenges faced by nurses when dealing with incidents of aggression from the neutral perspective of neither nurse nor patient/family and perceptions of the educational contents developed in this study. Descriptive analyses were used to examine the data retrieved from both phases.ParticipantsPhase I entailed semistructured interviews among 11 neutral-party participants who observed aggressive incidents between nurses and patients/families. Phase II consisted of a web survey conducted among 102 nursing students and 308 nursing professionals.ResultsPhase I resulted in the identification of the following five main educational components: understanding the mechanisms of anger and aggression, maintaining self-awareness, observant listening, managing the self-impression, and communicating based on specific disease characteristics. Each component was related to improved communication through self-awareness. The results of phase II indicated that participants positively perceived these educational contents as likely to be effective for dealing with aggression from patients/families.ConclusionsThis study clarified the type of education needed for nurses when dealing with aggression based on multiple viewpoints. Specifically, neutral-party interviews revealed that communication should be improved through self-awareness. A subsequent survey among nurses and nursing students showed that the identified educational contents were positively received.

Multicenter Transversal Two-Phase Study to Determine a National Prevalence of Epilepsy in Algeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalila Moualek ◽  
Lamia Ali Pacha ◽  
Samira Abrouk ◽  
Mohamed Islam Kediha ◽  
Sonia Nouioua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
National Prevalence

Mitomycin C, Carboplatin and Protracted Venous Infusion 5-Fluorouracil in Advanced Oesophago–gastric and Pancreatic Cancer: Results of Two Phase II Studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
M Kelleher ◽  
N.C Tebbutt ◽  
D Cunningham ◽  
J Andreyev ◽  
M Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Mitomycin C ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Ii Studies ◽  
Venous Infusion

Endometrial Adenocarcinoma in SurePath™ Cervical Samples: Cytological Features Revisited

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalini Gupta ◽  
John Crossley ◽  
Nick Dudding ◽  
John H.F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Nuclear Chromatin ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Endometrial Cells ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology

Objective: The cytomorphological criteria of malignant endometrial lesions in cervical samples are less well described than those of cervical lesions. We wished to investigate if there were features in SurePath™ liquid-based cytology samples that would facilitate more accurate differentiation between benign and malignant endometrial cells. Study Design: This was a two-phase study, with a review of all SurePath™ samples reported as endometrial adenocarcinoma (n = 42) evaluating 12 cytological features in the first phase. In phase 2 (test set), all initial cases plus an additional 83 cases were reviewed using these 12 cytological features to predict the outcome. Results: Out of 12 cytological features evaluated in phase 1 (training set), nuclear chromatin pattern, apoptotic bodies and tingible body macrophages were found to be the most significant features determining malignant histological outcome. These 12 cytological features were re-evaluated in phase 2 (n = 125). Of 125 cases, 54 had a benign and 71 had a malignant or premalignant histological outcome, with a positive predictive value of 56.8%. Conclusion: Granular nuclear chromatin, tingible body macrophages and apoptosis in the background are the most significant factors in determining whether endometrial cells present in cervical samples represent malignancy or are benign. Using these features, relatively accurate predictions of endometrial pathology can be made.

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