Tachistoscopic Word Recognition as a Function of Word Abstractness/Concreteness, Word Frequency, and IQ

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judi Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Low Iq ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Concrete Words

Tachistoscopic word-recognition thresholds for abstract and concrete words of high and low frequency of occurrence were measured for 15 college subjects of high and 15 of low IQ to determine if word abstractness/concreteness is a significant one among these variables. Results refuted previous investigations with thresholds for abstract words being greater than thresholds for concrete words. Also, thresholds for high frequency of occurrence words were lower than for words of low frequency. Subjects with high and low IQs did not have different recognition thresholds. Frequency and word abstractness/concreteness interacted. Possible explanations for these findings are outlined.

A similarity in word-recognition procedures among second language readers with different first language backgrounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOBUHIKO AKAMATSU
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
First Language ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Frequency Words ◽  
Second Language Readers

This study investigated word recognition among fluent readers of English as a second language (ESL). Specifically, the study examined whether ESL readers' first language (L1) affects the procedures underlying second language word recognition, with respect to the effects of word frequency and regularity on word recognition. The results revealed a similarity in word-recognition procedures between fluent ESL readers with various L1 backgrounds (i.e., Chinese, Japanese, and Persian). In processing high-frequency words, all the ESL groups recognized exception words as quickly as regular words; low-frequency exception words, on the contrary, took longer to recognize than low-frequency regular words.

Some Determinants of Word-Frequency Estimates

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret W. Matlin ◽  
David J. Stang
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
True Frequency

Subjects saw Turkish nonsense words and estimated their frequency of occurrence (72 subjects, 12 words, Exp. I; 33 subjects, 16 words, Exp. II). Results indicated that: (a) low-frequency stimuli were overestimated while high-frequency stimuli were underestimated; (b) stimuli were judged more frequent when they were positively evaluated than when they were negatively evaluated; (c) stimuli were judged more frequent in a distributed presentation than in a massed presentation; (d) stimuli were judged more frequent when they were rated after a 2-wk. delay than when they were rated immediately; (e) a 2-wk. delay enhanced the interaction between true frequency and judged frequency; (f) stimuli were judged more frequent when they appeared at the beginning or end of the presentation period rather than in the middle.

A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Word Frequency and Rime-Neighborhood Size on Beginning Readers' Rime Reading Accuracy in Words and Nonwords

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anne Calhoon ◽  
Lauren Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Neighborhood Size ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
High Frequency Words

Beginning readers' rime reading accuracy was assessed over three years to examine the influence of word frequency and rime-neighborhood size (the number of single syllable words with the same rime) on words presented in lists and stories. Twenty-seven 1st- and 2nd- grade students read 54 words and 27 nonwords containing rimes from different size neighborhoods. In Year 1, children showed effects of neighborhood size in high frequency words read in stories and in low frequency words read in lists and stories. In Year 2, rimes from large neighborhoods were read more accurately than rimes from medium and small neighborhoods in high- and low-frequency words. In Year 3, no effects of rime-neighborhood size were found for high-frequency words, but effects on low-frequency words continued. These results support Leslie and Calhoon's (1995) developmental model of the effects of rime-neighborhood size and word frequency as a function of higher levels of word learning.

Word frequency does not moderate the degree to which people can selectively attend to parts of visually presented words

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182096906
Author(s):  
Todd A Kahan ◽  
Louisa M Slowiaczek ◽  
Ned Scott ◽  
Brian T Pfohl
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Test Word ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Bigram Frequency ◽  
Capacity Model ◽  
Entire Word ◽  
High Frequency Words

Whether attention is allocated to an entire word or can be confined to part of a word was examined in an experiment using a visual composite task. Participants saw a study word, a cue to attend to either the right or left half, and a test word, and indicated if the cued half of the words (e.g., left) was the same (e.g., TOLD-TONE) or different (e.g., TOLD-WINE). Prior research using this task reports a larger congruency effect for low-frequency words relative to high-frequency words but extraneous variables were not equated. In this study ( N = 33), lexical (orthographic neighbourhood density) and sublexical (bigram frequency) variables were controlled, and word frequency was manipulated. Results indicate that word frequency does not moderate the degree to which parts of a word can be selectively attended/ignored. Response times to high-frequency words were faster than response times to low-frequency words but the congruency effect was equivalent. The data support a capacity model where attention is equally distributed across low-frequency and high-frequency words but low-frequency words require additional processing resources.

The Effects of Stimulability on the Articulation of /s/ Relative to Cluster and Word Frequency of Occurrence

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Moore ◽  
John Burke ◽  
Chris Adams
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
The Poor

This study investigated the effects of stimulability on the articulation of cluster nested /s/ in high- and low-frequency clusters and words. A good stimulability group and a poor stimulability group of /s/-defective seven-year-old children were investigated. Statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences between the articulatory performances of the two groups on words or clusters occurring with high or low frequency. Subjects in the good stimulability group obtained significantly fewer errors on the test stimuli than did subjects in the poor stimulability group. Correlational analyses indicated that stimulability was positively correlated with correct numbers of /s/ productions in both clusters and words occurring with both high and low frequency. Subjects' spontaneous /s/ errors on the Templin-Darley screening test were not found to be correlated with their stimulability scores or their imitative /s/ productions in words and clusters occurring with high or low frequencies.

Interactive Effects of High-Pass Filtering and Masking Noise on Word Recognition

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 867-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saravanan Elangovan ◽  
Andrew Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
High Pass

Objectives: This study sought to examine the word recognition performance in noise of individuals with a simulated low-frequency hearing loss. The goal was to understand how low-frequency hearing impairment affects performance on tasks that challenge temporal processing skills. Methods: Twenty-two normal-hearing young adults participated. Monosyllabic words were presented in continuous and interrupted noise at 3 signal-to-noise ratios of −10, 0, and +10 dB. High-pass filtering of the stimuli at 3 different cutoff frequencies (ie, 1,000, 1,250, and 1,500 Hz) simulated the low-frequency hearing impairment. Results: In general, performance decreased with increasing cutoff frequency, was higher for more favorable signal-to-noise ratios, and was superior in the interrupted condition relative to the continuous noise condition. One important revelation was that the magnitude of the performance superiority observed in the interrupted noise condition did not diminish with high-pass filtering; ie, the release from masking in interrupted noise was preserved. Conclusions: The results of the present study complement previous findings in which this paradigm was used with low-pass filtering to simulate a high-frequency hearing loss. That is to say, low-frequency hearing channels are inherently poorer than high-frequency channels in temporal resolution.

scholarly journals Effects of Age, Word Frequency, and Noise on the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin J. Van Engen ◽  
Avanti Dey ◽  
Nichole Runge ◽  
Brent Spehar ◽  
Mitchell S. Sommers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Lexical Activation

This study assessed the effects of age, word frequency, and background noise on the time course of lexical activation during spoken word recognition. Participants (41 young adults and 39 older adults) performed a visual world word recognition task while we monitored their gaze position. On each trial, four phonologically unrelated pictures appeared on the screen. A target word was presented auditorily following a carrier phrase (“Click on ________”), at which point participants were instructed to use the mouse to click on the picture that corresponded to the target word. High- and low-frequency words were presented in quiet to half of the participants. The other half heard the words in a low level of noise in which the words were still readily identifiable. Results showed that, even in the absence of phonological competitors in the visual array, high-frequency words were fixated more quickly than low-frequency words by both listener groups. Young adults were generally faster to fixate on targets compared to older adults, but the pattern of interactions among noise, word frequency, and listener age showed that older adults’ lexical activation largely matches that of young adults in a modest amount of noise.

Search Time as a Function of Context Letter Frequency

Perception ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
C R Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Template Model ◽  
Letter Frequency ◽  
Feature Frequency

Neisser (1967) posits the operation of purely feature analytic processes in the scanning of context letters in search lists. This contention was tested by varying the relative frequency of occurrence in English of the context letters in alphanumeric search lists, while holding their feature content constant. It was hypothesized that faster search time on lists of high-frequency context letters would indicate letter-level processing. Equality of search time would indicate the purely feature-level processing required by Neisser's theory. Context letters were segregated into high- and low-frequency sets and their features defined and held constant according to two feature analyses. This yielded a 2 × 2 design with 22 subjects per condition. Attention was given to the control of feature frequency, size of the context-letter set, and approximation of English at the level of bigram, trigram, and word. Results supported a letter level or template model of processing but were shown also to be explainable in terms of some feature-testing models of pattern recognition. Apparatus which allowed for the removal of reaction time in search lists is described.

Disynaptic Pyramidal Excitation in Forelimb Motoneurons Mediated Via C3–C4 Propriospinal Neurons in theMacaca fuscata

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 3580-3585 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Alstermark ◽  
T. Isa ◽  
Y. Ohki ◽  
Y. Saito
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Monosynaptic Connection ◽  
Propriospinal Neurons

In contrast to findings in the cat, it recently has been shown that disynaptic pyramidal EPSPs only rarely are observed in forelimb motoneurons of the macaque monkey in the intact spinal cord or after a corticospinal transection in C5. This finding has been taken to indicate that the disynaptic pyramidal excitatory pathway via C3–C4 propriospinal neurons (PNs) is weakened through phylogeny when the monosynaptic cortico-motoneuronal connection has been strengthened. We reinvestigate this issue with special focus on the possibility that the inhibitory control of the C3–C4 PNs may be stronger in the macaque monkey than in the cat. The effect in forelimb motoneurons of electrical stimulation in the contralateral pyramid was investigated in anesthetized macaque monkeys ( Macaca fuscata). We confirmed the low frequency of disynaptic pyramidal EPSPs in forelimb motoneurons. However, after intravenous injection of strychnine, disynaptic EPSPs could be evoked in 39 of 41 forelimb motoneurons recorded after lesion of the corticospinal fibers in C5. After a corresponding lesion in C2, disynaptic pyramidal EPSPs were observed in 2 of 25 motoneurons. In contrast to previous reports, we conclude that C3–C4 PNs can mediate disynaptic pyramidal excitation in high frequency of occurrence to forelimb motoneurons in the C6–C8 segments and that this transmission is under a stronger inhibitory control than in the cat. Thus, the hypothesis that the disynaptic excitatory cortico-motoneuronal pathway via the C3–C4 PNs is weakened in parallel with the strengthened monosynaptic connection through phylogeny is not supported by the present findings.

Verbal Association by Chinese and American Students as a Function of Word Frequency and Mode of Presentation

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1051-1060
Author(s):  
Elliott McGinnies ◽  
Thomas W. Turnage
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
University Of Maryland ◽  
Mode Of Presentation ◽  
Verbal Association ◽  
American Students ◽  
The University ◽  
Frequent Exposure

Associations were obtained from 40 Ss each at National Taiwan University and the University of Maryland to words presented either vocally or in writing. The words varied in frequency of occurrence for both languages. American Ss produced more associations than the Taiwanese Ss under all conditions. In both samples number of associations increased with frequency of the stimulus words. Printed Chinese, however, enjoyed a significant advantage over spoken Chinese in evoking associations to infrequent words. This finding, which did not obtain for the English words, was attributed to (a) more frequent exposure of Taiwanese to low frequency words in print than in speech and (b) increased identifiability of infrequent Chinese words when printed. Implications for more effective communication between the two language communities were discussed.

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