Measurement of Preferences for Signals of Correctness: Children's Status, Race, and Gender

Three experiments strongly supported the developmental theory of reward preferences and showed that signals of correctness possess powerful incentive properties. High status fifth graders consistently exhibited a significant preference for signals of correctness over tangible rewards. Exps. 1 and 2 ( ns = 60 and 20, respectively) also supported a mathematical model of choice times. Both presented a selective learning task which required children to choose repeatedly between a correctness-cue and a money-cue, and both showed that selective learning evoked impulsive choices, suggesting that this method impairs acquisition of the cue-incentive association. Exp. 2 confirmed this by indicating that selective learning impairs acquisition, thus underestimating incentive preferences. Exp. 3 measured fifth graders' ( n = 40) preferences more accurately. As predicted, social status enhanced preferences for signals of correctness but race (black versus white) and gender (in Exp. 1) exerted no influence. The recent, highly consistent support for the developmental theory is discussed.

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INDIAN WOMEN STATUS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Muallim Journal of Social Science and Humanities ◽

10.33306/mjssh19 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 258-266

Author(s):

G Paranthaman ◽

S Santhi ◽

R Radha ◽

G Poornima Thilagam

Keyword(s):

Modern Society ◽

Indian Society ◽

High Status ◽

Marriage And Family ◽

Indian Women ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Ancient India ◽

The Status ◽

And Gender ◽

Status Of Women

Woman constitutes the key role in the Indian society. Women in ancient India enjoyed high status in society and their condition was good. The Ancient and medieval status of women in modern Indian society regarding Equality, Education, Marriage and Family life, Race and Gender, Religion and Culture is maintained or deteriorated. The Vedic women had economic freedom. Some women were engaged in teaching work. Home was the place of production. Spinning and weaving of clothes were done at home. Women also helped their husbands in agricultural pursuit. In the religious field, wife enjoyed full rights and regularly participated in religious ceremonies with her husband. Religious ceremonies and sacrifices were performed jointly by the husband and wife. Women even participated actively in religious discourses. The status of women improved a little during the Buddhist period though there was no tremendous change. The role of women in Ancient Indian Literature is immense. Ancient India had many learned ladies. The Medieval period (Period between 500 A.D to 1500 A.D) proved to be highly disappointing for the Indian women, for their status further deteriorated during this period. Through this study we come to the conclusion that as the women has equal participation in human development. She is half of the human race. But she lacks in society. Women are not treated with respect as in the Ancient Indian society. Lot of crime against women is seen in the modern society. The Constitutional provisions are not sufficient to get the respectable position in society. The paper will help us to imagine the participation of women in social, religious, economic and household matters from Ancient to Modern.

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Underestimation of Children's Preferences for Signals of Correctness Using Selective Learning

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1978.47.1.63 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 63-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christopher Layne

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Middle Class ◽

Fifth Graders ◽

Learning Task ◽

Impulsive Choice ◽

Selective Learning ◽

Initial Choice ◽

Competition Group

Hypotheses investigated were that signals of correctness possess incentive properties and that selective learning underestimates incentive preferences. Forty middle-class fifth graders were divided into two groups. A competition group was presented with a selective learning task, with signals of correctness and pennies as competing incentives. As predicted, they preferred the signal of correctness over the penny. A signal of correctness group was given the same task but only signals of correctness as reward. As predicted, subjects exhibited better acquisition, yielded less impulsive choice times, and chose more signals of correctness than did the competitive group. Girls increased their choices of signals of correctness and yielded faster initial choice times than did boys, suggesting sex differences in preferences.

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How We Find Ourselves: Identity Development and Two Spirit People

Harvard Educational Review ◽

10.17763/haer.66.2.n551658577h927h4 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 303-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Alex Wilson

Keyword(s):

Identity Development ◽

Real Life ◽

Developmental Theory ◽

Self Awareness ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Developmental Experiences ◽

Personal Story ◽

Two Spirit ◽

And Bisexual ◽

And Gender

Psychological theorists have typically treated sexual and racial identity as discrete and independent developmental pathways. While this simplifying division may make it easier to generate theory, it may also make it less likely that the resulting theory will describe people's real-life developmental experiences. In this article, Alex Wilson examines identity development from an Indigenous American perspective, grounded in the understanding that all aspects of identity (including sexuality, race and gender) are interconnected. Many lesbian, gay and bisexual Indigenous Americans use the term "two-spirit" to describe themselves. This term is drawn from a traditional worldview that affirms the inseparability of the experience of their sexuality from the experience of their culture and community. How can this self-awareness and revisioning of identity inform developmental theory? The author offers personal story as a step toward reconstructing and strengthening our understanding of identity.

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Referral Patterns for Youths Identified at Risk for Suicide by Trained Gatekeepers

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000114 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Michael S. Rodi ◽

Lucas Godoy Garraza ◽

Christine Walrath ◽

Robert L. Stephens ◽

D. Susanne Condron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Service Access ◽

Referral Patterns ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Lee Smith ◽

Prevention Behavior ◽

Key Variables ◽

And Gender ◽

To Receive

Background: In order to better understand the posttraining suicide prevention behavior of gatekeeper trainees, the present article examines the referral and service receipt patterns among gatekeeper-identified youths. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from 26 Garrett Lee Smith grantees funded between October 2005 and October 2009 who submitted data about the number, characteristics, and service access of identified youths. Results: The demographic characteristics of identified youths are not related to referral type or receipt. Furthermore, referral setting does not seem to be predictive of the type of referral. Demographic as well as other (nonrisk) characteristics of the youths are not key variables in determining identification or service receipt. Limitations: These data are not necessarily representative of all youths identified by gatekeepers represented in the dataset. The prevalence of risk among all members of the communities from which these data are drawn is unknown. Furthermore, these data likely disproportionately represent gatekeepers associated with systems that effectively track gatekeepers and youths. Conclusions: Gatekeepers appear to be identifying youth across settings, and those youths are being referred for services without regard for race and gender or the settings in which they are identified. Furthermore, youths that may be at highest risk may be more likely to receive those services.

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