A Confound in the Standard Control Condition of the Stroop Experiment

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 835-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zajano ◽  
Elaine M. Hoyceanyls ◽  
Jeanne F. Ouellette
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
General Source

Two experiments were performed to investigate the magnitude of the confound in the standard control condition of the Stroop experiment. The confound resides in the fact that only color changes from one item to the next in the control condition, whereas both color and configuration of the items that represent color change in the usual experimental conditions. The results of both experiments showed small but significant increases in color-naming time when both colors and non-verbal shapes changed from one item to the next. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of factors in selective attention in the color-naming task. While response competition appears to be the more substantial source of interference in Stroop color-word effects, a smaller but more general source of interference due to selective attention appears in whole-list tasks with more than one dimension of item-to-item change.

Stroop Interference as a Function of Percentage of Congruent Items

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1087-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zajano ◽  
Anne Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Irrelevant Dimension ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Time Function ◽  
Response Time Function ◽  
Stroop Paradigm

Color-word interference in the traditional Stroop paradigm was investigated as a function of the percentages of congruent and incongruent items. Over-all color-naming times decreased with increasing percentages of congruent items. The response time function was significantly deviant from linearity, suggesting the existence of sources of interference other than just response competition. While the pattern of response times was consistent with the notion that effects of selective attention may be enhanced by inhibition of information from the irrelevant dimension of words, data for errors did not support a stronger test of the inhibition concept. Topics discussed include the insensitivity of measurements of error and relatedness to other recent Stroop experiments and theories.

Multidimensional Anxiety and Content-specificity Effects in Preferential Processing of Threat

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Calvo ◽  
P. Avero ◽  
M. Dolores Castillo ◽  
Juan J. Miguel-Tobal
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Ego Threat ◽  
Phobic Anxiety ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Content Specificity ◽  
Specificity Effects

We examined the relative contribution of specific components of multidimensional anxiety to cognitive biases in the processing of threat-related information in three experiments. Attentional bias was assessed by the emotional Stroop word color-naming task, interpretative bias by an on-line inference processing task, and explicit memory bias by sensitivity (d') and response criterion (β) from word-recognition scores. Multiple regression analyses revealed, first, that phobic anxiety and evaluative anxiety predicted selective attention to physical- and ego-threat information, respectively; cognitive anxiety predicted selective attention to both types of threat. Second, phobic anxiety predicted inhibition of inferences related to physically threatening outcomes of ambiguous situations. And, third, evaluative anxiety predicted a response bias, rather than a genuine memory bias, in the reporting of presented and nonpresented ego-threat information. Other anxiety components, such as motor and physiological anxiety, or interpersonal and daily-routines anxiety made no specific contribution to any cognitive bias. Multidimensional anxiety measures are useful for detecting content-specificity effects in cognitive biases.

A Unique Asymmetrical Stroop Effect in Absolute Pitch Possessors

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilach Akiva-Kabiri ◽  
Avishai Henik
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
Pitch Processing ◽  
Reverse Pattern

The Stroop task has been employed to study automaticity or failures of selective attention for many years. The effect is known to be asymmetrical, with words affecting color naming but not vice versa. In the current work two auditory-visual Stroop-like tasks were devised in order to study the automaticity of pitch processing in both absolute pitch (AP) possessors and musically trained controls without AP (nAP). In the tone naming task, participants were asked to name the auditory tone while ignoring a visual note name. In the note naming task, participants were asked to read a note name while ignoring the auditory tone. The nAP group showed a significant congruency effect only in the tone naming task, whereas AP possessors showed the reverse pattern, with a significant congruency effect only in the note reading task. Thus, AP possessors were unable to ignore the auditory tone when asked to read the note, but were unaffected by the verbal note name when asked to label the auditory tone. The results suggest that pitch identification in participants endowed with AP ability is automatic and impossible to suppress.

scholarly journals Detection of regularities in a random environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2106-2118
Author(s):  
Arnaud Rey ◽  
Louisa Bogaerts ◽  
Laure Tosatto ◽  
Guillem Bonafos ◽  
Ana Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Repetition Task

Regularity detection, or statistical learning, is regarded as a fundamental component of our cognitive system. To test the ability of human participants to detect regularity in a more ecological situation (i.e., mixed with random information), we used a simple letter-naming paradigm in which participants were instructed to name single letters presented one at a time on a computer screen. The regularity consisted of a triplet of letters that were systematically presented in that order. Participants were not told about the presence of this regularity. A variable number of random letters were presented between two repetitions of the regular triplet, making this paradigm similar to a Hebb repetition task. Hence, in this Hebb-naming task, we predicted that if any learning of the triplet occurred, naming times for the predictable letters in the triplet would decrease as the number of triplet repetitions increased. Surprisingly, across four experiments, detection of the regularity only occurred under very specific experimental conditions and was far from a trivial task. Our study provides new evidence regarding the limits of statistical learning and the critical role of contextual information in the detection (or not) of repeated patterns.

Awareness and Intertrial Activity in Verbal Conditioning

1969 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Mandel ◽  
Leonard D. Goodstein
Keyword(s):  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Performance Gain ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sentence Construction ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Group A ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
The Relationship

It was hypothesized that, in VOC, the relationship between awareness and performance gains would be a function of the experimental conditions during training. Fifty-six naive Ss were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental conditions. Each group performed the Taffel sentence-construction task. This was the only treatment given one group; a second group was required to perform a color-naming task between trials. A third group was required to write their “thoughts about the experiment” between blocks of trials, while a fourth group was required to perform both the intertrial and the inter-block tasks. All groups demonstrated significant performance gains. The color-naming task resulted in significantly less performance gain, as expected, but, contrary to expectation, did not significantly inhibit the development of awareness. The discrepancies between the present results and those of previous studies were explored as were the implications for understanding the VOC process.

Expanded Thermochromic Color Changes in VO2 Thin Film Devices Using Structured Plasmonic Metal Layers

2013 ◽  
Vol 1494 ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
John F. Muth
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Metallic Phase ◽  
Metallic Thin Films ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Surface Plasmas ◽  
Metal Layers

ABSTRACTWe investigate metallic thin films on VO2 and show that the magnitude of the reflected color change in that visible portion of the spectrum as VO2 undergoes the insulating to metallic phase transition can be controlled by changing the type of metal, the thickness of the metal and by patterning the metal at the nano scale. We consider the role of surface plasmas in the metal film and show that in the near infrared, the magnitude of the reflectivity increase for metal coated VO2 films, but decrease for uncoated VO2 thin films. This is explained in the context of Fresnel equations and considering the large change in the imaginary part of the dielectric constant as the VO2 changes state from the insulating to metallic phase.

The Color-Word Connotative Incongruity Effect

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis R. Ridley ◽  
David E. Johnson ◽  
Philip D. Braisted
Keyword(s):  
Color Word ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Naming Speed ◽  
Word Test ◽  
Stroop Color Word Test ◽  
Color Combinations ◽  
Brown Color

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that color-naming speed is slower for inconsistent than for consistent color-word combinations as defined by separate semantic differential ratings of color and word components. In Exp. 1 15 undergraduate subjects individually made telegraph-key identifications of consistent and inconsistent instances of yellow or brown color-word combinations. For Exp. 2 an analogue of the Stroop Color-Word Test was constructed in which two cards contained only consistent, and two cards contained only inconsistent, adjective-color combinations. Antonym adjectival pairs, e.g., “hot”—“cold,” were used ensuring that two card-pairs contained cards identical in every respect except consistency. Color-naming times of 40 undergraduate subjects for consistent and inconsistent cards were compared. Results of the two experiments supported the hypothesis. Since semantic differential ratings presumably index implicit reactions to stimuli having no obvious relationship to color-naming, these data suggested that a response-competition explanation of semantic-color interaction is incomplete.

scholarly journals Relationship between Color and Redox Potential (Eh) in Beef Meat Juice. Validation on Beef Meat

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Cucci ◽  
Aimeric C. K. N’Gatta ◽  
Supakakul Sanguansuk ◽  
André Lebert ◽  
Fabrice Audonnet
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Beef Meat ◽  
Meat Juice ◽  
Beef Carcasses

In France, around 3.5 million cattle are slaughtered each year, which represents 1.3 million tons of beef carcasses. However, waste due essentially to organoleptic defects is estimated at 3.4% of the production or 45,000 tons of beef carcasses. Microbiological contamination and color are the two major causes of defect. In order to prevent color defect, a study was performed to develop a new method for measuring rapidly and instantly the redox potential as an indicator of color changes in carcasses without slowing down the slaughter line. This measurement would allow to classify them upstream according to their time of colors changes in order to sort them and to avoid food waste in the future. Meat juice has been shown to be a good mimetic medium for the study of color changes. The effect of different parameters was studied in order to fix experimental conditions. Color change is faster in the juice than in the meat and faster at 20 °C than at 4 °C. Redox potential allows following color changes and a symmetry has been highlighted between this thermodynamic measure and color changes.

Site of Lysosome Production During Hepatic Injury

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 348-349
Author(s):  
Nalin J. Unakar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Close Approximation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Toxic Injury

The increased number of lysosomes as well as the close approximation of lysosomes to the Golgi apparatus in tissue under variety of experimental conditions is commonly observed. These observations suggest Golgi involvement in lysosomal production. The role of the Golgi apparatus in the production of lysosomes in mouse liver was studied by electron microscopy of liver following toxic injury by CCI4.

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