Recognition of Japanese Kana Words in Priming Tasks

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiko Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Phonological Recoding ◽  
Shallow Orthography ◽  
Internal Lexicon ◽  
Japanese Kana ◽  
Target Words

The processes of lexical access in two types of Kana (Japanese syllabic scripts), Hiragana and Katakana, were studied by means of lexical decision and naming experiments. Each target word was preceded by a word that was either related or unrelated semantically. The semantic priming of target words facilitated performance in both lexical decision and naming for Katakana words that were conventionally written in Katakana (e.g., foreign loanwords are normally written in Katakana). In contrast, semantic priming facilitated only lexical decision for these words written in Hiragana. These results suggest that (1) for foreign loanwords written in Katakana, lexical decision and naming are influenced by the internal lexicon and (2) for foreign loanwords written in Hiragana, naming is not strongly influenced by the internal lexicon. This supports the notion that lexical access of some Kana (phonologically shallow orthography) words can be achieved without phonological recoding.

Orthographic and phonological parafoveal processing of consonants, vowels, and tones when reading Thai

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEATHER WINSKEL
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Subsequent Processing ◽  
Target Words

ABSTRACTFour eye movement experiments investigated whether readers use parafoveal input to gain information about the phonological or orthographic forms of consonants, vowels, and tones in word recognition when reading Thai silently. Target words were presented in sentences preceded by parafoveal previews in which consonant, vowel, or tone information was manipulated. Previews of homophonous consonants (Experiment 1) and concordant vowels (Experiment 2) did not substantially facilitate processing of the target word, whereas the identical previews did. Hence, orthography appears to be playing the prominent role in early word recognition for consonants and vowels. Incorrect tone marker previews (Experiment 3) substantially retarded the subsequent processing of the target word, indicating that lexical tone plays an important role in early word recognition. Vowels in VOP (Experiment 4) did not facilitate processing, which points to vowel position being a significant factor. Primarily, orthographic codes of consonants and vowels (HOP) in conjunction with tone information are assembled from parafoveal input and used for early lexical access.

Joint Effects of Semantic Priming and Repetition in a Lexical Decision Task: Implications for a Model of Lexical Access

1986 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wilding
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
Decision Latency ◽  
Preceding Word

An experiment is reported which showed that in a lexical decision task semantic priming by a related preceding word and repetition of target words produce additive effects on decision latency. Previous models of lexical access and modifications of them are discussed, and it is argued that some such models predict an interaction of priming and repetition, while others are insufficiently precise to make a prediction. It is suggested that the generality of effects across tasks requiring lexical access must be established and the components of complex effects must be separated before an adequate model can be devised to account for the data.

Phonological Recoding in Lexical Decision at Recognition Threshold

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph G. Bias ◽  
Leo X. McCusker
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Recognition Threshold ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Phonological Recoding ◽  
Percent Correct ◽  
Spelling Test ◽  
Task Differences ◽  
Poor Spellers

The phonological recoding model of lexical access was tested in two experiments. In Experiment 1, college students were presented words and nonwords at recognition threshold for lexical decision. Nonwords homophonous with real words (homophonous nonwords) and nonwords nonhomophonous with real words (nonhomophonous nonwords) were used. The phonological recoding model predicts more errors on homophonous nonwords as a result of false matches in the subjects' internal lexicons. Blocks of items with homophonous nonwords led to significantly poorer performance as measured by percent correct and d'. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1 with the addition of a spelling test to eliminate poor spellers. The d' measure again supported the phonological recoding model. These data were compared to those of Stanovich and Bauer (1978) which led to a conclusion against phonological recoding. This discrepancy was considered in light of the task differences, and the presence of a mask was thought to be important. The possible masking effect of successive fixations in reading was considered.

scholarly journals Маскований семантичний/ асоціативний та перекладний праймінг у різних мовах

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Ансарін Алі Акбар ◽  
Джаваді Шалал
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Spreading Activation ◽  
Associative Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Language And Cognition ◽  
Cross Language

Статтю присвячено спробі дослідити двомовний ментальний лексикон. Головне питання дослідження – встановити, чи персько-англійські білінгви можуть досягнути ефекту семантичного / асоціативного або перекладацького праймінгу. Для відповіді на це питання було застосовано масковану праймінгову парадигму як техніку, що відображає автоматичні когнітивні процеси, що тривають під час семантичної обробки, а не стратегічного використання прайму. Із метою вирішення лексичного завдання було сформовано чотири типи цільових пар праймінгу (перекладацькі еквіваленти, семантично подібні, асоціативно та семантично пов’язані пари). Загалом у дослідженні взяло участь 85 персько-англійських білінгвів. Хоча ефекту праймінгу не було виявлено для перших трьох груп, респонденти із семантично пов’язаних пар (найміцніше пов’язаних слів) відповіли приблизно на 29 мс швидше. Результати засвідчили, що білінгви мають спільні уявлення для асоціативних семантично пов’язаних слів. Отже, навчання новим словам другої мови, шляхом поєднання їх із асоціативно пов’язаними словами першої мови, може привести до кращих результатів. Література References Balota, D. A., & Lorch, R. F. (1986). Depth of automatic spreading activation: Mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, Cognition, 12, 336–345. Chiarello, C., Burgess, C., Richards, L., & Pollock, A. (1990). Semantic and associative priming in the cerebral hemispheres: Some words do, some words don’t…Sometimes, some places. Brain and Language, 38, 75–104. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic priming. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428. Coltheart, M. (1981). The MRC Psycholinguistic Database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 497–505. Costa, A., Colome, A., & Caramazza, A. (2000). Lexical access in speech production: The bilingual case. Psicologica, 21, 403–437. de Groot, A. M. B., & Nas, G. L. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and non-cognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 90–123. Dijkstra, A. F. J., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(3), 175-197. Duyck, W. (2005). Translation and associative priming with cross-lingual pseudohomophones: Evidence for nonselective phonological activation in bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 1340–1359. Fischler, I. (1977). Semantic facilitation without association in a lexical decision task. Memory & Cognition, 5, 335–339. Forster, K. I., & Davis, C. (1984). Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 680–698. Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C. (2003). DMDX: A Windows display program with millisecond accuracy. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(1), 116–124. Fotovatnia, Z., & Taleb, F. (2012). Masked noncognate priming across Farsi and English. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 4(1), 25–48. French, R. M., & Jacquet, M. (2004). Understanding bilingual memory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8, 87–93. Grainger, J., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (1998). Masked priming by translation equivalents in proficient bilinguals. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13(6), 601–623. Jiang, N., & Forster, K. I. (2001). Cross-language priming asymmetries in lexical decision and episodic recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44(1), 32–51. Kotz, S. A. (2001). Neurolinguistic evidence for bilingual language representation: A comparison of reaction times and event-related brain potentials. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 143–154. Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33,149–174. Lupker, S. J. (1984). Semantic priming without association: A second look. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 709–733. Perea, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Carreiras, M. (2008). Masked associative/semantic priming effects across languages with highly proficient bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 916–930. Perea, M., & Rosa, E. (2002). The effects of associative and semantic priming in the lexical decision task. Psychological Research, 66, 180–194. Samani, R., & Sharifian, F. (1997). Cross-language hierarchical spreading of activation. In Sharifian, F. (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Language, Cognition, and Interpretation (pp. 11–23). Isfahan: IAU Press. Sanchez-Casas, R. M., Davis, C. W., & Garcia-Albea, J. E. (1992). Bilingual lexical processing: Exploring the cognate/non-cognate distinction. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Special Issue: Multilingual Community, 4(4), 293–310. Williams, J. N. (1994). The relationship between word meanings in the first and second language: Evidence for a common, but restricted, semantic code. European Journal of Psychology, 6, 195–220.

Phonological Encoding in the Lexical Decision Task

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Coltheart ◽  
Derek Besner ◽  
Jon Torfi Jonasson ◽  
Eileen Davelaar
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Letter String ◽  
Lexical Entry ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Phonological Recoding ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Correspondence Rules

In lexical decision experiments, subjects have difficulty in responding NO to non-words which are pronounced exactly like English words (e.g. BRANE). This does not necessarily imply that access to a lexical entry ever occurs via a phonological recoding of a visually-presented word. The phonological recoding procedure might be so slow that when the letter string presented is a word, access to its lexical entry via a visual representation is always achieved before phonological recoding is completed. If prelexical phonological recodings are produced by using grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules, such recodings can only occur for words which conform to these rules (regular words), since applications of the rules to words which do not conform to the rules (exception words) produce incorrect phonological representations. In two experiments, it was found that time to achieve lexical access (as measured by YES latency in a lexical decision task) was equivalent for regular words and exception words. It was concluded that access to lexical entries in lexical decision experiments of this sort does not proceed by sometimes or always phonologically recoding visually-presented words.

Semantic Facilitation in Aphasia: Effects of Time and Expectancy

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Milberg ◽  
Sheila E. Blumstein ◽  
Donald Katz ◽  
Fellcia Gershberg ◽  
Todd Brown
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Auditory Lexical Decision ◽  
Heuristic Strategies ◽  
Processing Deficit ◽  
Prime Target

Two auditory lexical decision semantic priming experiments were conducted to examine the extent to which the automaticcontrolled processing dichotomy can characterize lexical access deficits in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. In Experiment 1, prime-target predictability was varied while the interval between prime and target (ISI) was held constant. In Experiment 2, ISI was varied while prime-target predictability was held constant. The pattern of semantic facilitation and inhibition results for Experiment 1 showed that Broca's aphasics were influenced by prime-target predictability, whereas Wernicke's aphasics were not. In contrast in hperiment 2, manipulations of ISI at 150 and 2000 msec did not affect patterns of semantic facilitation for either Broca's or Wernicke's aphasics. Taken together, the results of these two experiments suggest that Broca's aphasics use heuristic strategies more so than old and young normal subjects. In addition, they seem to have an automatic processing deficit affecting the level of activation of lexical entries, with a spared time course of activation. Wernicke's aphasics show a pattern of results consistent with the view that automatic processing is unimpaired in these patients, while they fail to use heuristic strategies in these tasks.

Sentence context effects in bilingual word recognition: Cognate status, sentence language, and semantic constraint

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
TON DIJKSTRA ◽  
JANET G. VAN HELL ◽  
PASCAL BRENDERS
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Sentence Context ◽  
Semantic Constraint ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Target Words

In two lexical decision experiments, we investigated how sentence language affects the bilingual's recognition of target words from the same or a different language. Dutch–English bilinguals read Dutch (L1) or English (L2) sentences, presented word by word, followed by English (Experiment 1) or Dutch (Experiment 2) target words. Targets were Dutch–English cognates or non-cognates in isolation or preceded by sentences providing a high or a low semantic constraint. English cognates were facilitated irrespective of whether they were preceded by high or low constraining English sentences (no language switch) or Dutch sentences (switch). For Dutch cognates, inhibition effects arose in low constraining sentences (irrespective of Dutch or English) and in English (switch) sentences (irrespective of semantic constraint). Thus, under mixed language conditions, sentence constraint modulates target word processing but does not always completely eliminate cross-linguistic effects. The results are interpreted in a BIA+ model that extends monolingual views on sentence comprehension.

Reactivity of Judgments of Learning in a Levels-of-Processing Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eylul Tekin ◽  
Henry L. Roediger
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Judgments Of Learning ◽  
Paired Associate Learning ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Pleasantness Rating ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Counting Task ◽  
Reactive Effect ◽  
Target Words

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that judgments of learning (JOLs) are reactive measures in paired-associate learning paradigms. However, evidence is scarce concerning whether JOLs are reactive in other paradigms. In old/new recognition experiments, we investigated the reactivity effects of JOLs in a levels-of-processing (LOP) paradigm. In Experiments 1 and 2, for each word, subjects saw a yes/no orienting question followed by the target word and a response. Then, they either did or did not make a JOL. The yes/no questions were about target words’ appearances, rhyming properties, or category memberships. In Experiment 3, for each word, subjects gave a pleasantness rating or counted the letter “e ”. Our results revealed that JOLs enhanced recognition across all orienting tasks in Experiments 1 and 2, and for the e-counting task in Experiment 3. This reactive effect was salient for shallow tasks, attenuating – but not eliminating – the LOP effect after making JOLs. We conclude that JOLs are reactive in LOP paradigms and subjects encode words more effectively when providing JOLs.

Relationship between the target word form and children’s productions: place of articulation in Consonant-Vowel-Consonant (C1VC2) words in American English

Phonetica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-94
Author(s):  
Katsura Aoyama ◽  
Barbara L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
American English ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Target Words

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate relationships between characteristics of children’s target words and their actual productions during the single-word period in American English. Word productions in spontaneous and functional speech from 18 children acquiring American English were analyzed. Consonant sequences in 3,328 consonant-vowel-consonant (C1VC2) target words were analyzed in terms of global place of articulation (labials, coronals, and dorsals). Children’s actual productions of place sequences were compared between target words containing repeated place sequences (e.g., mom, map, dad, not) and target words containing variegated place sequences (e.g., mat, dog, cat, nap). Overall, when the target word contained two consonants at the same global place of articulation (e.g., labial-labial, map; coronal-coronal, not), approximately 50% of children’s actual productions matched consonant place characteristics. Conversely, when the target word consisted of variegated place sequences (e.g., mat, dog, cat, nap), only about 20% of the productions matched the target consonant sequences. These results suggest that children’s actual productions are influenced by their own production abilities as well as by the phonetic forms of target words.

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