Orthographic and phonological parafoveal processing of consonants, vowels, and tones when reading Thai

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEATHER WINSKEL
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Subsequent Processing ◽  
Target Words

ABSTRACTFour eye movement experiments investigated whether readers use parafoveal input to gain information about the phonological or orthographic forms of consonants, vowels, and tones in word recognition when reading Thai silently. Target words were presented in sentences preceded by parafoveal previews in which consonant, vowel, or tone information was manipulated. Previews of homophonous consonants (Experiment 1) and concordant vowels (Experiment 2) did not substantially facilitate processing of the target word, whereas the identical previews did. Hence, orthography appears to be playing the prominent role in early word recognition for consonants and vowels. Incorrect tone marker previews (Experiment 3) substantially retarded the subsequent processing of the target word, indicating that lexical tone plays an important role in early word recognition. Vowels in VOP (Experiment 4) did not facilitate processing, which points to vowel position being a significant factor. Primarily, orthographic codes of consonants and vowels (HOP) in conjunction with tone information are assembled from parafoveal input and used for early lexical access.

scholarly journals Lexical Access Changes Based on Listener Needs: Effects of Sentence Context on Real-Time Word Recognition in Cochlear Implant Users

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Xavier Smith ◽  
Bob McMurray
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sentence Context ◽  
Incremental Processing ◽  
Lexical Activation ◽  
Cohort Competition ◽  
Wait And See

ObjectivesOne key challenge in word recognition is the temporary ambiguity in the signal created by the fact that speech unfolds over time. Research with normal hearing (NH) listeners reveals that this temporary ambiguity is resolved through incremental processing of the signal and competition among possible lexical candidates. Post-lingually deafened cochlear implant (CI) users show similar incremental processing and competition to NH listeners but with slight delays. However, even brief delays could lead to drastic changes when compounded across multiple words in a sentence. This study asks whether words presented in non-informative sentence contexts are processed differently than words presented in isolation and whether any differences are shared among NH listeners and CI users or if the groups exhibit different patterns.DesignAcross two visual world paradigm experiments, listeners heard words presented either in isolation or in non-informative sentence contexts (“click on the…”). Listeners selected the picture corresponding to the target word from among four items including the target word (e.g., mustard), a cohort competitor (e.g., mustache), a rhyme competitor (e.g., custard), and an unrelated item (e.g., penguin). During this task, eye movements were tracked as an index of the relative lexical activation of each object type during word recognition. Subjects included 65 CI users and 48 NH controls across both experiments. ResultsBoth CI users and the NH controls were largely accurate at recognizing the words both in sentence contexts and in isolation. The time course of lexical activation (indexed by the fixations) differed substantially between groups. CI users were delayed in fixating the target relative to NH controls. Additionally, CI users showed less competition from cohorts (while previous studies have often found increased competition) compared to NH controls. However, CI users took longer to suppress the cohort and suppressed it less fully than the NH controls. For both CI users and NH controls, embedding words in sentences led to more immediacy in lexical access as observed by increases in cohort competition relative to when words were presented in isolation. However, CI users were not differentially affected by the sentencesConclusionsUnlike prior work, in both sentences and in isolated words CI users appeared to exhibit “wait-and-see” strategy, in which lexical access is delayed to minimize early competition. However, they simultaneously sustain competitor activation late in the trial possibly to preserve flexibility. This hybrid profile has not been observed previously. Both CI users and NH controls more heavily weight early information when target words are presented in sentence contexts. However, CI users (but not NH listeners) also commit less fully to the target when words are presented in sentence context potentially keeping options open if they need to recover from a misperception. This mix of patterns reflects a lexical system that is extremely flexible and adapts to fit the needs of a listener.

scholarly journals The Effects of Onset and Offset Masking on the Time Course of Non-Native Spoken-Word Recognition in Noise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Hintz ◽  
Cesko Voeten ◽  
James McQueen ◽  
Odette Scharenborg
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Word Onset ◽  
Intermittent Noise ◽  
Noise Experiment ◽  
Target Words

Using the visual-word paradigm, the present study investigated the effects of word onset and offset masking on the time course of non-native spoken-word recognition in the presence of background noise. In two experiments, Dutch non-native listeners heard English target words, preceded by carrier sentences that were noise-free (Experiment 1) or contained intermittent noise (Experiment 2). Target words were either onset- or offset-masked or not masked at all. Results showed that onset masking delayed target word recognition more than offset masking did, suggesting that – similar to natives – non-native listeners strongly rely on word onset information during word recognition in noise.

Effect of Story Context on Children's Ongoing Word Recognition

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Schwantes
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Specific Target ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Target Words

In this study, the reading time of specific target words embedded within an extended and meaningful story context was measured. The target words were either congruous or incongruous with the story context. Results indicated that the mean difference between these target word types did not significantly vary between third and sixth grade children when these words were presented in isolation. However, this mean reading time difference between target types was found to be greater for the younger as compared to the older readers when these words were embedded within the story context. These findings extend prior work in this area and indicate that developmental differences in context effects during ongoing word recognition are present under conditions which require the comprehension and memory of extended and specific story material. The results are discussed in terms of an interactive-compensatory model of reading.

Recognition of Japanese Kana Words in Priming Tasks

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiko Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Phonological Recoding ◽  
Shallow Orthography ◽  
Internal Lexicon ◽  
Japanese Kana ◽  
Target Words

The processes of lexical access in two types of Kana (Japanese syllabic scripts), Hiragana and Katakana, were studied by means of lexical decision and naming experiments. Each target word was preceded by a word that was either related or unrelated semantically. The semantic priming of target words facilitated performance in both lexical decision and naming for Katakana words that were conventionally written in Katakana (e.g., foreign loanwords are normally written in Katakana). In contrast, semantic priming facilitated only lexical decision for these words written in Hiragana. These results suggest that (1) for foreign loanwords written in Katakana, lexical decision and naming are influenced by the internal lexicon and (2) for foreign loanwords written in Hiragana, naming is not strongly influenced by the internal lexicon. This supports the notion that lexical access of some Kana (phonologically shallow orthography) words can be achieved without phonological recoding.

scholarly journals The morphosyntactic structure of compound words influences parafoveal processing in Chinese reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Drieghe ◽  
Lei Cui ◽  
Guoli Yan ◽  
Xuejun Bai ◽  
Hui Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Preview Benefit ◽  
Chinese Reading ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Parafoveal Preview ◽  
Noun Compounds ◽  
Boundary Paradigm

In an eye movement experiment employing the boundary paradigm, we compared parafoveal preview benefit during the reading of Chinese sentences. The target word was a two-character compound that had either a noun–noun or an adjective–noun structure each sharing an identical noun as the second character. The boundary was located between the two characters of the compound word. Prior to the eyes crossing the boundary, the preview of the second character was presented either normally or was replaced by a pseudocharacter. Previously, Juhasz, Inhoff, and Rayner observed that inserting a space into a normally unspaced compound in English significantly disrupted processing and that this disruption was larger for adjective–noun compounds than for noun–noun compounds. This finding supports the hypothesis that, at least in English, for adjective–noun compounds, the noun is more important for lexical identification than the adjective, while for noun–noun compounds, both constituents are similar in importance for lexical identification. Our results indicate a similar division of the importance of compounds in reading in Chinese as the pseudocharacter preview was more disruptive for the adjective–noun compounds than for the noun–noun compounds. These findings also indicate that parafoveal processing can be influenced by the morphosyntactic structure of the currently fixated character.

Amplitude (vu and rms) and Temporal (msec) Measures of Two Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 Recordings

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (04) ◽  
pp. 346-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
Male Speaker ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Target Words

Background: In 1940, a cooperative effort by the radio networks and Bell Telephone produced the volume unit (vu) meter that has been the mainstay instrument for monitoring the level of speech signals in commercial broadcasting and research laboratories. With the use of computers, today the amplitude of signals can be quantified easily using the root mean square (rms) algorithm. Researchers had previously reported that amplitude estimates of sentences and running speech were 4.8 dB higher when measured with a vu meter than when calculated with rms. This study addresses the vu–rms relation as applied to the carrier phrase and target word paradigm used to assess word-recognition abilities, the premise being that by definition the word-recognition paradigm is a special and different case from that described previously. Purpose: The purpose was to evaluate the vu and rms amplitude relations for the carrier phrases and target words commonly used to assess word-recognition abilities. In addition, the relations with the target words between rms level and recognition performance were examined. Research Design: Descriptive and correlational. Study Sample: Two recoded versions of the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 were evaluated, the Auditec of St. Louis (Auditec) male speaker and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) female speaker. Data Collection and Analysis: Using both visual and auditory cues from a waveform editor, the temporal onsets and offsets were defined for each carrier phrase and each target word. The rms amplitudes for those segments then were computed and expressed in decibels with reference to the maximum digitization range. The data were maintained for each of the four Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 word lists. Descriptive analyses were used with linear regressions used to evaluate the reliability of the measurement technique and the relation between the rms levels of the target words and recognition performances. Results: Although there was a 1.3 dB difference between the calibration tones, the mean levels of the carrier phrases for the two recordings were −14.8 dB (Auditec) and −14.1 dB (VA) with standard deviations <1 dB. For the target words, the mean amplitudes were −19.9 dB (Auditec) and −18.3 dB (VA) with standard deviations ranging from 1.3 to 2.4 dB. The mean durations for the carrier phrases of both recordings were 593–594 msec, with the mean durations of the target words a little different, 509 msec (Auditec) and 528 msec (VA). Random relations were observed between the recognition performances and rms levels of the target words. Amplitude and temporal data for the individual words are provided. Conclusions: The rms levels of the carrier phrases closely approximated (±1 dB) the rms levels of the calibration tones, both of which were set to 0 vu (dB). The rms levels of the target words were 5–6 dB below the levels of the carrier phrases and were substantially more variable than the levels of the carrier phrases. The relation between the rms levels of the target words and recognition performances on the words was random.

scholarly journals The Processing of the Second Syllable in Recognizing Chinese Disyllabic Spoken Words: Evidence From Eye Tracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youxi Wang ◽  
Xuelian Zang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Wei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Competition Effect ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Target Words

In the current study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the processing of the second syllable (which was considered as the rhyme at the word level) during Chinese disyllabic spoken word recognition using a printed-word paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants heard a spoken target word and were simultaneously presented with a visual display of four printed words: a target word, a phonological competitor, and two unrelated distractors. The phonological competitors were manipulated to share either full phonemic overlap of the second syllable with targets (the syllabic overlap condition; e.g., 小篆, xiao3zhuan4, “calligraphy” vs. 公转, gong1zhuan4, “revolution”) or the initial phonemic overlap of the second syllable (the sub-syllabic overlap condition; e.g., 圆柱, yuan2zhu4, “cylinder” vs. 公转, gong1zhuan4, “revolution”) with targets. Participants were asked to select the target words and their eye movements were simultaneously recorded. The results did not show any phonological competition effect in either the syllabic overlap condition or the sub-syllabic overlap condition. In Experiment 2, to maximize the likelihood of observing the phonological competition effect, a target-absent version of the printed-word paradigm was adopted, in which target words were removed from the visual display. The results of Experiment 2 showed significant phonological competition effects in both conditions, i.e., more fixations were made to the phonological competitors than to the distractors. Moreover, the phonological competition effect was found to be larger in the syllabic overlap condition than in the sub-syllabic overlap condition. These findings shed light on the effect of the second syllable competition at the word level during spoken word recognition and, more importantly, showed that the initial phonemes of the second syllable at the syllabic level are also accessed during Chinese disyllabic spoken word recognition.

Sentence context effects in bilingual word recognition: Cognate status, sentence language, and semantic constraint

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
TON DIJKSTRA ◽  
JANET G. VAN HELL ◽  
PASCAL BRENDERS
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Sentence Context ◽  
Semantic Constraint ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Target Words

In two lexical decision experiments, we investigated how sentence language affects the bilingual's recognition of target words from the same or a different language. Dutch–English bilinguals read Dutch (L1) or English (L2) sentences, presented word by word, followed by English (Experiment 1) or Dutch (Experiment 2) target words. Targets were Dutch–English cognates or non-cognates in isolation or preceded by sentences providing a high or a low semantic constraint. English cognates were facilitated irrespective of whether they were preceded by high or low constraining English sentences (no language switch) or Dutch sentences (switch). For Dutch cognates, inhibition effects arose in low constraining sentences (irrespective of Dutch or English) and in English (switch) sentences (irrespective of semantic constraint). Thus, under mixed language conditions, sentence constraint modulates target word processing but does not always completely eliminate cross-linguistic effects. The results are interpreted in a BIA+ model that extends monolingual views on sentence comprehension.

Amnesics Have a Disproportionately Severe Memopry Deficit for Interactive Context

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Mayes ◽  
Chris MacDonald ◽  
Lesley Donlan ◽  
Julian Pears ◽  
Peter R. Meudell
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Target Recognition ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Frontal Lobe Damage ◽  
High Level ◽  
Target Words

Two experiments were used to compare the recognition memory of amnesic and normal subjects for intentionally encoded words (targets) and for incidentally encoded words that were meaningfully related to the targets and presented at the same time (interactive context). In both experiments the target recognition of the two groups was matched at a high level by presenting the amnesics with much shorter lists of words to remember. Experiment 1 compared 20 amnesics and their matched controls and showed that whereas the amnesics' recognition of the target words did not benefit significantly when they were presented together with their interactive context words (relative to their recognition when the target words were presented alone), that of the controls did. Experiment 2 compared 14 amnesics and their matched controls and showed that when patients and their controls were matched on their target word recognition in isolation, then the patients still showed worse recognition for the interactive context words. These effects were not found only in Korsakoff patients, and their size did not correlate with behavioural measures of frontal-lobe damage. It is concluded that amnesics may be more impaired at recognizing incidentally encoded interactive context than they are at recognizing target material, and this deficit may be an essential feature of the syndrome.

scholarly journals Cross-linguistic differences in parafoveal semantic and orthographic processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh B. Fernandez ◽  
Christoph Scheepers ◽  
Shanley E. M. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
German Word ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Boundary Paradigm

AbstractIn this study we investigated parafoveal processing by L1 and late L2 speakers of English (L1 German) while reading in English. We hypothesized that L2ers would make use of semantic and orthographic information parafoveally. Using the gaze contingent boundary paradigm, we manipulated six parafoveal masks in a sentence (Mark found th*e wood for the fire; * indicates the invisible boundary): identical word mask (wood), English orthographic mask (wook), English string mask (zwwl), German mask (holz), German orthographic mask (holn), and German string mask (kxfs). We found an orthographic benefit for L1ers and L2ers when the mask was orthographically related to the target word (wood vs. wook) in line with previous L1 research. English L2ers did not derive a benefit (rather an interference) when a non-cognate translation mask from their L1 was used (wood vs. holz), but did derive a benefit from a German orthographic mask (wood vs. holn). While unexpected, it may be that L2ers incur a switching cost when the complete German word is presented parafoveally, and derive a benefit by keeping both lexicons active when a partial German word is presented parafoveally (narrowing down lexical candidates). To the authors’ knowledge there is no mention of parafoveal processing in any model of L2 processing/reading, and the current study provides the first evidence for a parafoveal non-cognate orthographic benefit (but only with partial orthographic overlap) in sentence reading for L2ers. We discuss how these findings fit into the framework of bilingual word recognition theories.

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