Effects of Aging and Reduced Relative Frequency of Knowledge of Results on Learning a Motor Skill

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 1107-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie R. Wishart ◽  
Timothy D. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Performance Information ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Specific Timing

Although there is evidence for age-related changes in both cognition and motor control, very little is known about the effect of age on learning of new motor skills. The present experiment addressed the interaction between aging and the role of knowledge of results (KR) on a motor learning task. Using a three-segment task on which each segment had specific timing goals, three different manipulations of relative frequency of information about performance were compared in younger and older adults. The three conditions were (a) 100% KR in which information about performance on each segment was provided after every trial, (b) 67% KR in which the performance information was faded over trials, and (c) 67% KR in which the performance information was faded over the segments within each trial. Following 90 acquisition trials, all subjects performed retention, transfer, and reacquisition tests. There were age-related differences for movement accuracy and consistency on acquisition and on the retention tests but not on the transfer test. However, none of these differences interacted with the frequency of KR manipulations. Surprisingly, there was no effect due to the fading schedules of KR. In general, these results indicated that younger and older adults use KR in a similar way to learn a motor skill.

scholarly journals Effects of relative frequency and delay interval of knowledge of results (KR) in the acquisition of motor skills

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Leandro R. Palhares ◽  
Alessandro T. Bruzi ◽  
Guilherme M. Lage ◽  
João V. A. P. Fialho ◽  
Herbert Ugrinowitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Delay Interval ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tennis Ball ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Serial Task

The purpose of the present study was to identify the effects of relative frequency and delay interval of Knowledge of Results (KR) in the acquisition of a serial motor skill. Sixty students were randomly distributed in 2 experiments, with three groups in each experiment (n = 10). The Experiment 1 investigated the effects of the KR frequency without KR delay interval and the Experiment 2 investigated the effects of the KR frequency with KR delay interval (3 seconds) in the acquisition of a serial motor skill. The serial task consisted of putting a tennis ball into six holes, positioned in a wood platform in a previously determined target time. In both experiments, the subjects performed 60 trials in target time of 2,700 ms, in the acquisition phase. In the Experiment 1, the results showed superiority of G33 in relation to the other groups, during the tests. In the Experiment 2, the results did not show any difference among the groups. These results are discussed with respect to the effect of KR delay interval, showing the role of combination of the variables.  

Aging, Attention, and Bimanual Coordination

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Lee ◽  
Laurie R. Wishart ◽  
Jason E. Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Bimanual Coordination ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Movement Frequency ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Coordination Patterns

ABSTRACTAlthough aging is normally associated with declines in motor performance, recent evidence suggests that older adults suffer no loss in some measures of bimanual coordination relative to younger adults. Two hypotheses for this finding were compared in the present research. One hypothesis was based on the assumption that these coordination patterns are automatic and relatively impervious to the effects of aging. An alternative explanation is that older adults maintain this level of bimanual coordination at a cost of increased attention demand. These hypotheses were tested in an experiment in which bimanual coordination patterns (in-phase and anti-phase) were paced at two metronome frequencies (1 and 2 Hz), either alone or together, with serial performance of an attention-demanding task (adding 3s to a two-digit number at a 1 Hz pace). The results of the study provided some support for both hypotheses. The automaticity view was supported only for the coordination patterns at the 1 Hz metronome frequency. Support for an attention allocation hypothesis was shown in the observed-movement frequency data, as older adults tended to sacrifice movement frequency at the 2 Hz metronome pace in order to maintain performance in the movement and counting tasks. These findings are discussed relative to recent accounts of the role of automaticity in the absence of age-related differences in the performance of cognitive tasks.

scholarly journals Analysis of Vertical Micro Acceleration While Standing Reveals Age-Related Changes

Geriatrics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Tadayoshi Minamisawa ◽  
Noboru Chiba ◽  
Kaori Inoue ◽  
Tatsuya Nakanowatari ◽  
Eizaburo Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging

In this study, we investigated the fluctuation characteristics of micro vertical acceleration of center of mass (vCOMacc) in standing and examined the usefulness of vCOMacc as an aging marker for standing control abilities. Sixteen young and 18 older adults participated in this experiment. Data for vCOMacc were calculated as the vertical ground reaction force value divided by each participant’s body mass using a force plate. The COMacc frequency structure was determined using the continuous wavelet transform to analyze the relative frequency characteristics. For time domain analysis, we determined the root mean square (RMS) and maximum amplitude (MA) of the integrated power spectral density. We also analyzed the correlation between vCOMacc and lower limb muscle activity. The relative frequency band of vCOMacc was higher in older than young adults, and the time domain indicators were sufficient to distinguish the effects of aging. Regarding the relationship between vCOMacc during standing and muscle activity, a correlation was found with the soleus muscle in young adults, while it was moderately correlated with the gastrocnemius muscle in older adults. The cause of vCOM may be related to differences in muscle activity, and vCOMacc may be utilized to more easily assess the effects of aging in standing control.

scholarly journals Effects of aging on emotion recognition from dynamic multimodal expressions and vocalizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana S. Cortes ◽  
Christina Tornberg ◽  
Tanja Bänziger ◽  
Hillary Anger Elfenbein ◽  
Håkan Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Positivity Effect ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging

AbstractAge-related differences in emotion recognition have predominantly been investigated using static pictures of facial expressions, and positive emotions beyond happiness have rarely been included. The current study instead used dynamic facial and vocal stimuli, and included a wider than usual range of positive emotions. In Task 1, younger and older adults were tested for their abilities to recognize 12 emotions from brief video recordings presented in visual, auditory, and multimodal blocks. Task 2 assessed recognition of 18 emotions conveyed by non-linguistic vocalizations (e.g., laughter, sobs, and sighs). Results from both tasks showed that younger adults had significantly higher overall recognition rates than older adults. In Task 1, significant group differences (younger > older) were only observed for the auditory block (across all emotions), and for expressions of anger, irritation, and relief (across all presentation blocks). In Task 2, significant group differences were observed for 6 out of 9 positive, and 8 out of 9 negative emotions. Overall, results indicate that recognition of both positive and negative emotions show age-related differences. This suggests that the age-related positivity effect in emotion recognition may become less evident when dynamic emotional stimuli are used and happiness is not the only positive emotion under study.

scholarly journals Strategies and cognitive reserve to preserve lexical production in aging

GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Baciu ◽  
Sonja Banjac ◽  
Elise Roger ◽  
Célise Haldin ◽  
Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Compensatory Strategies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Complementary Domain

AbstractIn the absence of any neuropsychiatric condition, older adults may show declining performance in several cognitive processes and among them, in retrieving and producing words, reflected in slower responses and even reduced accuracy compared to younger adults. To overcome this difficulty, healthy older adults implement compensatory strategies, which are the focus of this paper. We provide a review of mainstream findings on deficient mechanisms and possible neurocognitive strategies used by older adults to overcome the deleterious effects of age on lexical production. Moreover, we present findings on genetic and lifestyle factors that might either be protective or risk factors of cognitive impairment in advanced age. We propose that “aging-modulating factors” (AMF) can be modified, offering prevention opportunities against aging effects. Based on our review and this proposition, we introduce an integrative neurocognitive model of mechanisms and compensatory strategies for lexical production in older adults (entitled Lexical Access and Retrieval in Aging, LARA). The main hypothesis defended in LARA is that cognitive aging evolves heterogeneously and involves complementary domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms, with substantial inter-individual variability, reflected at behavioral, cognitive, and brain levels. Furthermore, we argue that the ability to compensate for the effect of cognitive aging depends on the amount of reserve specific to each individual which is, in turn, modulated by the AMF. Our conclusion is that a variety of mechanisms and compensatory strategies coexist in the same individual to oppose the effect of age. The role of reserve is pivotal for a successful coping with age-related changes and future research should continue to explore the modulating role of AMF.

scholarly journals Biases in object location estimation: the role of camera rotations and translation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislava Segen
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Location Estimation ◽  
Object Location ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Accurate Representation ◽  
Object Locations ◽  
Age Related

The current study investigated a systematic bias in spatial memory in which people, following a perspective shift from encoding to recall, indicated the location of an object further to the direction of the shit. In Experiment 1, we documented this bias by asking participants to encode the position of an object in a virtual room and then indicate it from memory following a perspective shift induced by camera translation and rotation. In Experiment 2, we decoupled the influence of camera translations and camera rotations and examined also whether adding more information in the scene would reduce the bias. We also investigated the presence of age-related differences in the precision of object location estimates and the tendency to display the bias related to perspective shift. Overall, our results showed that camera translations led to greater systematic bias than camera rotations. Furthermore, the use of additional spatial information improved the precision with which object locations were estimated and reduced the bias associated with camera translation. Finally, we found that although older adults were as precise as younger participants when estimating object locations, they benefited less from additional spatial information and their responses were more biased in the direction of camera translations. We propose that accurate representation of camera translations requires more demanding mental computations than camera rotations, leading to greater uncertainty about the position of an object in memory. This uncertainty causes people to rely on an egocentric anchor thereby giving rise to the systematic bias in the direction of camera translation.

Older Adults’ Recalled Memorable Messages about Aging and Their Associations with Successful Aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinten S Bernhold ◽  
Howard Giles
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Hope Theory ◽  
Memorable Messages ◽  
Subjective State ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dispositional Hope ◽  
The Right ◽  
Memorable Message

Abstract Using the Communicative Ecology Model of Successful Aging (CEMSA), this study examined how one’s own age-related communication and memorable message characteristics indirectly predict successful aging, via aging efficacy. Older adults with higher dispositional hope recalled memorable messages as (a) higher in positivity, (b) higher in efficacy, and (c) more likely to contain a theme of aging not being important or being a subjective state that can be overcome with the right mindset. Older adults were classified as engaged, bantering, or disengaged agers, based on their own age-related communication. Uniquely for CEMSA’s development and the blended role of hope theory within it, memorable message efficacy indirectly predicted greater successful aging, via heightened aging efficacy.

Inferences and Confidence in Warning Texts: The Role of Age and Prior Knowledge

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Adams ◽  
Wendy A. Rogers ◽  
Arthur D. Fisk
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Text Passage

Understanding warnings is important, regardless if prior knowledge with respect to such information exists. The goal of the current study was to investigate younger and older adults' ability to draw inferences under different conditions of prior knowledge, and how confident participants were about their decisions. Participants read two-sentence text passages, which either resembled real warnings (real) or were the opposite of real warnings (reversed). Participants evaluated whether information in a given statement was consistent (true) or inconsistent (false) with information given in a text passage. Statements either repeated information explicitly or implied in the text passage. Participants also rated their confidence in the correctness of their answer. Data showed no age-related differences in accuracy when the text passages resembled real warnings. When text passages were reversed, older adults were less accurate than younger adults, yet more confident when inferences were required.

The Role of Cognition in Age-Related Hearing Loss

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (07) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergus I.M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Age Related Hearing Loss ◽  
Processing Framework

The article presents a commentary on the accompanying six papers from the perspective of a cognitive psychologist. Treisman's (1964, 1969) levels of analysis model of selective attention is suggested as a framework within which the interactions between 'bottom-up' auditory factors and 'top-down' cognitive factors may be understood. The complementary roles of auditory and cognitive aspects of hearing are explored, and their mutually compensatory properties discussed. The findings and ideas reported in the six accompanying papers fit well into such a 'levels of processing' framework, which may therefore be proposed as a model for understanding the effects of aging on speech processing and comprehension. El artículo presenta un comentario sobre los seis trabajos acompañantes desde la perspectiva de un psicólogo de la cognición. Se sugiere el modelo de Treisman (1964, 1969) de niveles de análisis de la atención selectiva como el marco dentro del cuál las interacciones entre los factores de atención "de abajo hacia arriba" y los factores cognitivos de "de arriba hacia abajo" pueden ser comprendidos. Se exploran los papeles complementarios de los aspectos auditivos y cognitivos de la audición y se discuten sus mutuas propiedades compensatorias. Los hallazgos e ideas reportados en los seis trabajos acompañantes calzan bien en dicho marco de "niveles de procesamiento", los que puede, por tanto, ser propuestos como un modelo para comprender el efecto del envejecimiento para el procesamiento y la comprensión del lenguaje.

scholarly journals The Roles of the Gut Microbiota and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation in Older Adults With Frailty

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
YuShuang Xu ◽  
XiangJie Liu ◽  
XiaoXia Liu ◽  
Di Chen ◽  
MengMeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Frailty is a major public issue that affects the physical health and quality of life of older adults, especially as the population ages. Chronic low-grade inflammation has been speculated to accelerate the aging process as well as the development of age-related diseases such as frailty. Intestinal homeostasis plays a crucial role in healthy aging. The interaction between the microbiome and the host regulates the inflammatory response. Emerging evidence indicates that in older adults with frailty, the diversity and composition structure of gut microbiota are altered. Age-associated changes in gut microbiota composition and in their metabolites contribute to increased gut permeability and imbalances in immune function. In this review, we aim to: identify gut microbiota changes in the aging and frail populations; summarize the role of chronic low-grade inflammation in the development of frailty; and outline how gut microbiota may be related to the pathogenesis of frailty, more specifically, in the regulation of gut-derived chronic inflammation. Although additional research is needed, the regulation of gut microbiota may represent a safe, easy, and inexpensive intervention to counteract the chronic inflammation leading to frailty.

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