Chlorpromazine and Memory Consolidation

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry E. Adams ◽  
L. J. Peacock ◽  
John F. Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Straight Alley ◽  
Learning Trial ◽  
Water Reward ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Main Effects

To determine whether chlorpromazine affects learning by disrupting memory traces 40 23-hr. water-deprived rats were given 1 trial per day in a straight alley maze for a water reward. The factorial design included (a) chlorpromazine vs saline and (b) injection 10 sec. after a learning trial vs injection 30 min. after a learning trial. All groups learned but there were no significant main effects or interaction, which indicates that chlorpromazine does not affect learning this simple task under water-deprivation.

Freely Moving Visual Discrimination Assay with Visiomode v2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos Eleftheriou
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Visuomotor Learning ◽  
Water Reward ◽  
Motor Strategy ◽  
Freely Moving

The goal of this protocol is to assess visuomotor learning and motor flexibility in freely-moving mice, using the Visiomode touchscreen platform. Water-restricted mice first learn to associate touching a visual stimulus on the screen with a water reward. They then learn to discriminate between different visual stimuli on the touchscreen by nose-poking, before asked to switch their motor strategy to forelimb reaching. Version 1 of the protocol uses traditional water deprivation and water rewards in the task as a means of motivating mice to perform the task. Version 2 of the protocol uses Citric Acid for water restriction and sucrose as rewards in the task instead of the traditional water deprivation protocol.

The Role of Power Distance and Explanation Facility in Online Bargaining Utilizing Software Agents

2011 ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
John Lim
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Software Agents ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Factorial Design Experiment

Online transactions have become increasingly popular and deserve greater attention from a research perspective. Whereas there are various aspects of online transactions, this study specifically examined an online bargaining scenario utilizing software agents. User’s performance and attitudes were studied in a 2x2 factorial-design experiment. The independent variables were power distance (a dimension of culture)-for reasons associated with increasing and irresistible globalization, and explanation facility-for its conjecturable benefits in helping users to better understand and work with their software agents. Results showed these factors to have an interaction effect on task performance; as well, explanation facility exhibited main effects on trust and satisfaction. The findings have implications for system designers and builders; they also help managers in tailoring their expectations on what technology can deliver-under which conditions.

scholarly journals 0084 Sleep Consolidates Incidentally Encoded Information After Deep but Not Shallow Encoding

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A34-A34
Author(s):  
E M Wernette ◽  
K M Fenn
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Incidental Encoding ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
With Memory

Abstract Introduction Slow wave sleep (SWS) strengthens declarative memory for information studied for a later test. However, research on the effect of sleep on information that is not intentionally remembered is scare. Previous research from our lab suggests sleep consolidates some, but not all, information that has been encoded incidentally, meaning that it has been acted on but not intentionally remembered. It remains unclear what determines which information benefits from sleep-dependent consolidation processes and what aspects of sleep are related to these mnemonic benefits. In two experiments, we test the hypothesis that sleep consolidates strong but not weak memory traces following incidental encoding, and assess the relationship between memory performance and objective sleep characteristics. Methods In Experiment 1, participants rated words one (weak traces) or three times (strong traces) in a deep or shallow incidental encoding task. Participants either rated words on a scale from ‘concrete’ to ‘abstract’ (deep) or counted the vowels in the words (shallow). Following a 12-hour period containing sleep or wakefulness, participants took a surprise memory test. In Experiment 2, participants rated words one or three times in the deep encoding task, received an 8-hour sleep opportunity with polysomnography, and took the surprise memory test. Results In Experiment 1, participants remembered words better after sleep than wake regardless of whether words were encoded one or three times, but only after deep encoding. Sleep did not consolidate information following shallow encoding. Experiment 2 is ongoing, but we predict that the amount of SWS will correlate positively with memory. Conclusion Results thus far suggest sleep may have consolidated information based on the strength of memory traces. Because deep encoding results in stronger memory traces than shallow encoding, this work is broadly consistent with theories of memory consolidation that predict sleep is more beneficial for strong memory traces than weak, such as the synaptic downscaling hypothesis. Support N/A

Effects of Drive and Partial Reinforcement on Extinction Both between and within Daily Sessions

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-885
Author(s):  
William P. Dunlap ◽  
Lawrence Dachowski
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Alley ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Frustration Theory ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Low Speed

40 albino rats were assigned randomly to the cells of a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of per cent reinforcement (50% and 100%) by deprivation (high and low). Speed measures were obtained from two segments of a straight-alley runway for 80 acquisition and 56 extinction trials with 4 trials given per day. Deprivation effects were found over the closely spaced trials within daily sessions for both acquisition and extinction. In extinction the interaction of drive and per cent reinforcement within daily sessions lends support to a frustration-theory explanation of extinction behavior. The lack of deprivation-produced differences in the size of the partial reinforcement effect over days is also consistent with this explanation.

Further Test of the Deprivation Trace Hypothesis

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Beck ◽  
Dorothy Jean Carter
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement ◽  
Main Effects

32 rats were used to test the deprivation-trace hypothesis of O'Kelly and Heyer (1951). In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design the following variables were manipulated: delay between saline injection and bar-press testing, 30 min. vs 240 min., presence or absence of food during the delay period, and schedule of reinforcement, VI-¼ min. vs VI-1 min. The only significant differences were the main effects of schedule and delay. The prediction was supported, but alternative interpretations not requiring the hypothesis were offered.

An Applicant's Nonverbal Behavior and Student-Evaluators' Judgments in a Structured Interview Setting

1975 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth N. Wexley ◽  
Stephen S. Fugita ◽  
Michael P. Malone
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Tone Of Voice ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Factorial Design Analysis ◽  
Interview Setting

This study examined the effects of 5–6 min. of an applicant's nonverbal videotaped behavior on 78 student-evaluators' judgments in a simulated, structured loan interview. Three objective levels of the role-playing graduate student's suitability as an applicant (high, average, or low financial resources) and two levels of nonverbal “enthusiasm” (quantified as high or low amounts of eye contact, gesturing, smiling, and appropriate tone of voice) were manipulated in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Analysis of variance indicated significant main effects for both the applicant's suitability and “enthusiasm,” i.e., “enthusiastic” applicants were given higher evaluations by the students.

Apprehension about Evaluation, Paralanguage Cues and the Experimenter-Bias Effect

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry R. Burkhart
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Bias Effect ◽  
Evaluation Apprehension ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Experimenter Bias ◽  
Main Effects

Previous research had implicated the magnitude of evaluation apprehension in subjects and the existence of vocal paralanguage cues in experimenter instructions as critical to the transmission of experimenter-bias effects. To examine the interrelationship of these variables, 106 female nursing students participated in the standard Rosenthal picture-rating task. The 3×2×2 factorial design included three types of paralanguage cues: strongly positive, strongly negative, and neutral; high and low apprehension about evaluation; and a third condition transposing the sequence of presentation of the paralanguage cues and the manipulation of apprehension about evaluation. No significant main effects were demonstrated and only the interaction of important paralanguage cues and apprehension about evaluation achieved statistical significance. Contrary to predictions, the subjects high in apprehension about evaluation responded negativistically to differential-emphasis cues, whereas the control subjects or those low in apprehension about evaluation conformed to the cues for differential emphasis.

Characteristic of Competitive Adsorption of Dimethoate with a Variety of Pollutants on Surficial Sediments through Fractional Factorial Design

2012 ◽  
Vol 599 ◽  
pp. 467-471
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Xiao Li Li ◽  
Yu Li
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Fractional Factorial Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Surficial Sediments ◽  
Order Interaction ◽  
Compound Pollution ◽  
Main Effects

In order to reveal the combined pollution characteristic of dimethoate adsorption onto the surficial sediments in pesticide (dimethoate, metalaxyl, atrazine, malathion, prometryn)/heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel) composite contamination system, a completely foldover design and confounding design assisted resolution Ⅲ of 210-6 fractional factorial design method is used to identify the main effects and interactions of these ten pollution factors. The study found that the main effects of zinc, cadmium, malathion, prometryn have significant effect (α=0.05) to dimethoate adsorption on the sediment, in which zinc and cadmium will significantly antagonism to adsorption of dimethoate, while metalaxyl and prometryn will significantly collaborative to adsorption of dimethoate, and these main effects’ contribution rates are 64.4% and the second-order interaction effects’ contributions are 35.6%. According to the effect estimates of main effects and second-order interaction effects, zinc*prometryn and cadmium*atrazine have significantly antagonism to adsorption of dimethoate. Moreover, we also can estimate the compound pollution levels about the target pollutant on these main effects and second-order interaction effects of pollutant factors.

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