Anxiety and Two Cognitive Forms of Resistance to the Idea of Death
A relationship between affective orientation to death and two cognitive forms of resistance to the idea of death was hypothesized. Affect was measured by the Sarnoff Fear of Death Scale (Sarnoff & Corwin, 1959). One form of resistance was examined by using a perceptual defense model employing neutral- and death-related words; the other was connotative rigidity, a postulated associative inflexibility of death-related concepts. This rigidity was conceived as a clustering of death-related words on the Evaluative (E), Potency (P), and Activity (A) factors of the semantic differential (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957), and was mathematically expressed as a variance score. Death-related words, presented tachistoscopically, proved significantly more difficult to recognize than neutral words ( p < .01). No significant relationships were demonstrated between affective orientation to death and the two forms of resistance. However, significant correlations between the measures of perceptual defense and connotative rigidity were obtained. In interpreting the results a defense model was used, according to which connotative rigidity and perceptual defense are derivatives of the same general factor.