Sucrose-Pellet Incentive Shifts in the Double Alley

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
William G. Braud
Keyword(s):  
Albino Rats ◽  
Start Speed ◽  
Sucrose Pellet ◽  
Double Runway ◽  
Incentive Magnitude

4 groups of male albino rats were given 45 double runway trials under the following conditions: (a) nonreward in goal box (GB1) throughout, (b) nonreward in GB1 for 30 trials followed by an upshift to two 97-mg. sucrose pellets for 15 trials, (c) two 97-mg. sucrose pellets in GB1 throughout, or (d) two 97-mg. sucrose pellets for 30 trials followed by a GB1 downshift to nonreward for 15 trials. Sucrose incentive upshift produced a rapid runway one start speed increment, while the downshift in sucrose had little or no effect on this measure. Runway one run and goal measures and all measures of runway two performance seemed little affected by GB1 incentive magnitude, in that all groups converged toward a common asymptote.

Schedules of Reward Shift in the Double Runway

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-386
Author(s):  
P. E. Wookey ◽  
K. T. Strongman
Keyword(s):  
Frustration Theory ◽  
Training Level ◽  
Start Speed ◽  
Double Runway

Eighty food deprived rats received 62 trials in a double runway. On Trials 1–30, reward in the first goal box (GB1) was either always two food pellets or always zero pellets. All subjects received two pellets in the second goal box (GB2). On Trials 31–62 subjects in each preshift group (GB1 reward or GB1 nonreward) were shifted to the opposite GB1 reward level on 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of occasions. GB2 reward remained unaltered in all cases. For subjects experiencing reward decrease, second runway (A2) run and goal speeds after nonreward were generally enhanced, both within-group and in comparison with never rewarded controls. No such effect was evident on A2 start speed, nor was there any evidence to suggest that A2 performance after decreased reward was a function of the schedule of decrease. Increased GB1 reward resulted in general within-group impairment of A2 start and run speeds, with no effect on A2 goal performance. However, comparisons of speeds after increased reward with those of always rewarded controls revealed no difference on A2 start or run but indicated impairment of A2 goal performance. With the 50% schedule of reward increase, A2 run speeds after nonreward (the training level) exceeded those of never rewarded controls. Results are discussed with reference to McHose's contrast account of double runway phenomena and Amsel's frustration theory.

Role of Restricted Running and Goal-Box Placements in the Double Runway Behavior of the Albino Rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-947
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
Henry A. Fannin ◽  
William G. Braud ◽  
D. Theron Stimmel
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Function ◽  
Positive Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Double Runway

7 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats received 40 acquisition trials (5/day) in a double alley under one of the following conditions: (1) 40 8-pellet rewarded GB1 placements; (2) 40 8-pellet rewarded run trials, RW1 and RW2; (3) 40 NR GB1 placements; (4) 40 8-pellet rewarded RW1-only trials, and (5) 40 NR run trials, RW1 and RW2. Following preshift training, 30 postshift trials were given under the following conditions: (1) one of the 8-pellet rewarded placements groups was shifted to NR, whereas the two remaining placement groups received the same GB1 conditions as in the preshift phase; all Ss in the 3 placement groups now ran RW2 only; (2) Ss in RW1-only group received 30 NR trials in GB1 and now ran RW1 and RW2; and (3) one group of eight-pellet rewarded Ss RW1 and RW. received 30 NR trials GB1, whereas the other two RW1 and RW2 groups remained as in the preshift phase. All Ss received one pellet in GB2. During acquisition, RW1 speeds were a direct positive function of GB1 magnitude, while RW2 speeds were an inverse function of amount received in GB1. The data are more supportive of a hypothesis based upon an odor-mediated, conditioned tendency to remain in GB1 rather than an emotionally based FE.

Effects of renovascular hypertension on rat adrenal zona glomerulosa

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
G. Mazzocchi ◽  
P. Rebuffat ◽  
C. Robba ◽  
P. Vassanelli ◽  
G. G. Nussdorfer
Keyword(s):  
Renovascular Hypertension ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
And Control

It is well known that the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa steroidogenic activity is controlled by the renin-angiotensin system. The ultrastructural changes in the rat zona glomerulosa cells induced by renovascular hypertension were described previously, but as far as we are aware no correlated biochemical and morphometric investigations were performed.Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into 2 experimental groups. One group was subjected to restriction of blood flow to the left kidney by the application of a silver clip about the left renal artery. The other group was sham-operated and served as a control. Renovascular hypertension developed in about 10 days: sistolic blood pressure averaged 165 ± 6. 4 mmHg, whereas it was about 110 ± 3. 8 mmHg in the control animals. The hypertensive and control rats were sacrificed 20 days after the operation. The blood was collected and plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunological methods. The aldosterone concentration was radioimmunologically assayed both in the plasma and in the homogenate of the left capsular adrenal gland.

Further Studies on the Ultrastructure of Harderian Gland in Adult Rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Alfredo Feria-Velasco ◽  
Guadalupe Tapia-Arizmendi
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Harderian Gland ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cell Components

The fine structure of the Harderian gland has been described in some animal species (hamster, rabbit, mouse, domestic fowl and albino rats). There are only two reports in the literature dealing on the ultrastructure of rat Harderian gland in adult animals. In one of them the author describes the myoepithelial cells in methacrylate-embbeded tissue, and the other deals with the maturation of the acinar cells and the formation of the secretory droplets. The aim of the present work is to analize the relationships among the acinar cell components and to describe the two types of cells located at the perifery of the acini.

Cell Fine Structure as Revealed in Dessicator-Dried Resinless Sections

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
R. P. Becker ◽  
J. J. Wolosewick ◽  
J. Ross-Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Embedding Medium ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 6000

Methodology has been introduced recently which allows transmission and scanning electron microscopy of cell fine structure in semi-thin sections unencumbered by an embedding medium. Images obtained from these “resinless” sections show a three-dimensional lattice of microtrabeculfee contiguous with cytoskeletal structures and membrane-bounded cell organelles. Visualization of these structures, especially of the matiiDra-nous components, can be facilitated by employing tannic acid in the fixation step and dessicator drying, as reported here.Albino rats were fixed by vascular perfusion with 2% glutaraldehyde or 1.5% depolymerized paraformaldehyde plus 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4). Tissues were removed and minced in the fixative and stored overnight in fixative containing 4% tannic acid. The tissues were rinsed in buffer (0.2M cacodylate), exposed to 1% buffered osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in ethyl alcohol, and embedded in pure polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG). Sections were cut on glass knives with a Sorvall MT-1 microtome and mounted onto poly-L-lysine, formvar-carbon coated grids while submerged in a solution of 95% ethanol containing 5% PEG.

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