Discontinuous Shock and Discriminated-Avoidance Learning by Tadpoles (Rana Pipiens)

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Hoyer
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Conditional Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Unconditional Stimulus ◽  
Leopard Frogs ◽  
Avoidance Situation ◽  
Discontinuous Shock

20 larval leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens) were given 40 trials per day for 5 consecutive days in a discriminated-avoidance situation. Light was used as the conditional stimulus (CS), and the unconditional stimulus (US) consisted of scrambled electric current. Ss were matched for size and assigned to 4 cells of a 2 by 2 factorial design. The factors were US intensity (0.4 ma vs 0.8 ma) and type of US (discontinuous vs continuous). Over sessions there was an increase in the number of avoidance responses ( p < .005) and a corresponding decrease in the number of no-response trials ( p < .05). Discontinuous shock, which facilitates discriminated-avoidance learning in tats, did not affect the level of avoidance responding in tadpoles but did significantly reduce the number of no-response trials ( p < .01). This finding suggested that the role of the discontinuous shock in discriminated-avoidance learning may be adventitiously to eliminate responses (e.g., freezing) which are incompatible with the avoidance response.

Effect of an Adrenal Demedullation on Signaled, One-Way, Active Avoidance Learning

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
John J. Clancy ◽  
Donald F. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Active Avoidance Response ◽  
Relevant Variables

The effect of an adrenal demedullation on the acquisition of a signaled, one-way active avoidance response was examined in the rat. No significant differences in acquisition related to the adrenal demedullation were found on the four behavioral measures of response, avoidance and escape latency, and the number of avoidance responses. It was concluded that the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, produced by the adrenal medulla are not necessary for the acquisition of a signaled, one-way, active avoidance response. The results indicate that response criteria and cue functioning in one-way acquisition are not relevant variables in resolving discrepancies in the adrenal demedullation literature. The findings suggest that unsignaled, two-way acquisition should be investigated for further clarification of the role of the adrenal medulla in avoidance behavior.

Effect of Alcohol on the Acquisition and Resistance-To-Extinction of Avoidance Responses in Rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morrie Baum
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Escape Trial ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Alcohol Alcohol ◽  
Avoidance Responses

Two experiments were conducted to explore the effects of alcohol on avoidance behavior in rats. In Exp. I, the effect of alcohol on the acquisition of an avoidance response was examined in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Groups of rats were trained to avoid in one of two simple avoidance tasks following the administration of one of four doses of alcohol. Alcohol significantly affected the latency of the first escape trial but did not significantly influence any of the measures of avoidance learning. In Exp. II, a 2 × 3 factorial design was employed to study the effect of alcohol on the resistance-to-extinction of a previously learned avoidance response. Rats were trained to avoid in one of the two tasks and then were given one of three doses of alcohol prior to extinction. Alcohol significantly influenced resistance-to-extinction, with the appropriate dose increasing the persistence of the response. The results of these experiments were taken to indicate that (a) alcohol does not really reduce fear in rats or (b) alcohol reduces fear, but the level of fear does not determine the acquisition or extinction of simple avoidance responses.

Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock on Passive Avoidance Learning with High and Low Intensity Footshock

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis J. Delprato ◽  
Richard W. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Electroconvulsive Shock ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Passive Avoidance Learning ◽  
Passive Avoidance Response ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Low Intensity

A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to investigate the effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and pseudo-ECS (PECS) on a passive avoidance response learned under 2 intensities of footshock (FS). There were no differential effects during acquisition, however, ECS and 0.3-ma. groups extinguished faster than PECS and 2.0-ma. groups.

Avoidance and Escape Responses in the Larval Leopard Frog

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1155-1158
Author(s):  
William A. Janes ◽  
Virginia P. Falkenberg ◽  
Nicholas Pappas ◽  
Richard Tamura ◽  
William Clark
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Leopard Frog ◽  
Avoidance Situation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Avoidance Responses

To investigate the ability of larval Rana pipiens to respond to a discriminated avoidance situation light was used as the conditioned stimulus (CS), while the two unconditioned stimuli (UCS) consisted of scrambled electric shock and being chased. An avoidance response occurred when the tadpole crossed the goal line prior to the onset of the shock. An escape response occurred when the subject crossed the goal line after the onset of the shock but prior to being chased. A chase response occurred when the subject had to be chased across the goal line. A subject was considered to have learned the avoidance response when it made 7 avoidance responses during any 10 consecutive trials. The number of subjects reaching this criterion went from 0% on Day 1 to 100% on Day 12.

Effect of Flooding and Order of CUE Presentation on Extinction of a Serial Conditioned Avoidance Response

1975 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-629
Author(s):  
J. Neil Varnell ◽  
Max H. McDaniel ◽  
James P. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Conditional Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance Response ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Therapeutic Technique ◽  
A Current ◽  
Partial Reversal

The present study sought to investigate the effect of flooding and the order of serial-cue presentation on the extinction of a conditioned avoidance response. Previous research efforts have investigated the effect of flooding on extinction using a single conditional stimulus. 40 female albino rats, approximately 100 days old and weighing 250 to 300 gm., were tested. Flooding significantly facilitated the extinction of the conditioned avoidance response. Partial reversal of the order in which the serial cues were presented to the animals during flooding produced no significant differential effects. A brief analogy is drawn between the serial-cue conditioned avoidance learning model and the human phobic response. This study lends support to a current therapeutic technique which treats human phobic clients with a flooding procedure.

The role of gas flow distributions on CO2 mineralization within monolithic cemented composites: coupled CFD-factorial design approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Mehdipour ◽  
Gabriel Falzone ◽  
Dale Prentice ◽  
Narayanan Neithalath ◽  
Dante Simonetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
Co2 Mineralization

Optimizing the spatial distribution of contacting gas and the gas processing conditions enhances CO2 mineralization reactions and material properties of carbonate-cementitious monoliths.

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