Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Administered Early in Extinction on Subsequent Extinction of a Conditioned Emotional Response in Rats: Implications for Human Clinical Use

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Trial ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Dissociation Of Learning

Two groups of albino rats ( n = 32), in which a conditioned emotional response (CER) to a tone had previously been established, were given two extinction trials: one group received chlordiazepoxide on the first extinction trial and the other group received saline. No drug was administered to either group on the second extinction trial. A standard extinction decrement was shown by the saline animals. The chlordiazepoxide animals not only failed to extinguish but showed a slight increment that was interpreted as being due to a “dissociation” of learning effect. These results suggest caution in the use of chlordiazepoxide in human clinical situations when the fear stimuli are delineated and the hope is for anxiety reduction that continues after withdrawal of the drug.

Discrimination Behavior and Conditioned Suppression (CER) following Localized Lesions in the Amygdala and Putamen

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-606E ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Thompson ◽  
J. S. Schwartzbaum
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Amygdaloid Complex ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Medial Region ◽  
Reliable Effect ◽  
Central Nuclei ◽  
Different Parts

In an effort to localize and interrelate amygdaloid functions in the rat required for (a) suppression of response during nonreinforced components of a discrimination and in extinction of response, and (b) those required for development of a conditioned emotional response (CER), lesions were prepared in different parts of the amygdaloid complex and overlying putamen. Large lesions of the amygdala blocked formation of the CER and interfered with response suppression under nonreinforced conditions but not to the extent of seriously disrupting discrimination performance. Putamen lesions, on the other hand, seriously disrupted discrimination performance but had no reliable effect upon CER. Results on subtotal amygdaloid lesions implicated the medial region in the area of basomedial and cortical and perhaps central nuclei in both the control of nonreinforced behavior and formation of the CER. The more lateral components of the amygdala appear less essential for these functions.

Further Studies on the Ultrastructure of Harderian Gland in Adult Rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Alfredo Feria-Velasco ◽  
Guadalupe Tapia-Arizmendi
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Harderian Gland ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cell Components

The fine structure of the Harderian gland has been described in some animal species (hamster, rabbit, mouse, domestic fowl and albino rats). There are only two reports in the literature dealing on the ultrastructure of rat Harderian gland in adult animals. In one of them the author describes the myoepithelial cells in methacrylate-embbeded tissue, and the other deals with the maturation of the acinar cells and the formation of the secretory droplets. The aim of the present work is to analize the relationships among the acinar cell components and to describe the two types of cells located at the perifery of the acini.

Clinical Use of Toxic Proteins and Peptides from Tian Hua Fen and Scorpion Venom

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295
Author(s):  
Chen Ling ◽  
Yuanhui Zhang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Wenli Chen ◽  
Changquan Ling
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Scorpion Venom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western World ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Proteins And Peptides ◽  
Toxic Proteins

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been practiced in China for thousands of years. As a complementary and alternative treatment, herbal medicines that are frequently used in the TCM are the most accepted in the Western world. However, animal materials, which are equally important in the TCM practice, are not well-known in other countries. On the other hand, the Chinese doctors had documented the toxic profiles of hundreds of animals and plants thousand years ago. Furthermore, they saw the potential benefits of these materials and used their toxic properties to treat a wide variety of diseases, such as heavy pain and cancer. Since the 50s of the last century, efforts of the Chinese government and societies to modernize TCM have achieved tremendous scientific results in both laboratory and clinic. A number of toxic proteins have been isolated and their functions identified. Although most of the literature was written in Chinese, this review provide a summary, in English, regarding our knowledge of the clinical use of the toxic proteins isolated from a plant, Tian Hua Fen, and an animal, scorpion, both of which are famous toxic prescriptions in TCM.

Effects of Amobarbital on the Conditioned Emotional Response and Conditioned Avoidance Response

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis K. Kamano ◽  
Louis K. Martin ◽  
Michael E. Ogle ◽  
Barbara J. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance Response

ANTIBIOTICS AND IATROGENIC DISEASE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
T. E. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Iatrogenic Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Calculated Risk ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
The Subject

THE ASSOCIATION of the term "iatrogenic disease" with the clinical use of antibiotics poses many problems. Physicians generally are familiar with most of the untoward reactions that may follow the use of antibiotics, and many excellent reviews of the subject are to be found in the literature. One cannot divorce the undesirable effects of antibiotics from the beneficial ones and, in this light, therapy becomes a calculated risk. If the probable discomforts or dangers outweigh the probable advantages, the cure may be worse than the disease, and one is then dealing with true iatrogenic disease. Probabilities of this kind cannot be assessed easily with antibiotics because reactions vary so much with type of drug, dose, course, method of giving and in different patients. Certain reports may be biased one way or the other because of personal prejudices or unusual series. Some ill effects are undoubtedly related to unwise, improper or careless use of the drug; others are not. So true incidences are not accurately known. Reactions where antibiotics are being used needlessly for trivial infections or for unnecessary prophybaxis are particularly deplorable while risks are justified when dealing with severe infections known to respond. Evaluation is difficult with infections of borderline severity and those prone to exceptionally severe secondary bacterial complications. Reactions may be mild or severe; none is negligible. Oxytetracycline, for example, is considered to be relatively harmless. Still, Jackson and his colleagues reported that 58% of patients with pneumonia showed untoward effects attributable to this antibiotic. Most reactions were mild, but the antibiotic was believed to have contributed in large measure to the fatal outcome in five of the seven patients who died in the 91 cases.

Chronic effect of exercise on liver cholesterol of normal and hypercholesteremic rats

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Gollnick
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Program ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liver Cholesterol ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Trained Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Cholesterol Accumulation ◽  
Body Weights

Two groups of male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, with average initial body weights of about 265 g, were trained for 22 weeks on an exercise program of swimming one-half hour daily in water at 35 C. One trained group was fed a normal diet containing 18% casein. The other trained group received an isocaloric diet containing 1% cholesterol which was designed to produce hypercholesteremia. Two nonexercised groups, one fed the normal and the other the 1% cholesterol diet, served as controls. The adrenals and heart ventricles of both trained groups were larger than their respective controls. Exercise had no hypocholesteremic effect on the sera of either trained group. Fat and cholesterol accumulation in the livers of rats fed the 1% cholesterol diet were not affected by training, but training significantly lowered the fat and cholesterol of the livers of the normal rats.

Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins: Measurement and Clinical use

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Ollis ◽  
S. Tomlinson ◽  
D. S. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Skin Changes ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins ◽  
Eye Involvement

Graves’ disease is the commonest form of hyperthyroidism in which excessive production of thyroid hormones by the hyperplastic overactive thyroid gland produces elevated serum levels of the thyroid hormones tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Many of the manifestations of Graves’ disease, increased basal metabolic rate, increased heart rate, heat intolerance, sweating and nervousness, can be attributed to the peripheral actions of the excess thyroid hormones. The pathogenesis of many of the other dramatic features of Graves’ disease, such as the eye involvement or localized skin changes, is not fully understood, but circulating immunoglobulins with thyroid stimulating activity are almost certainly linked to excess thyroid hormone production and thereby cause the hyperthyroidism.

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