scholarly journals The rostral epidural rete mirabile of the llama as a place of retrograde transport of various substances – anatomical basics

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Maciej Zdun ◽  
Arkadiusz Grzeczka ◽  
Marcin Zawadzki ◽  
Hieronim Frąckowiak
Keyword(s):  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
External Jugular Vein ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Vascular Corrosion Casts

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse the structure of the rostral epidural rete mirabile in the llama. Some specimens were prepared by injecting stained chemically cured acrylic into the bilateral common carotid arteries. After about 1 month received vascular corrosion casts on the bone scaffold. Some specimens made using red and blue latex introduced into the bilateral common carotid arteries and the bilateral external jugular vein. The rostral epidural rete mirabile is a well-developed, bilateral structure composed of numerous arteries, which are multiply anastomosed with each other. The cranial section of the rete is asymmetrical. Its lateral part is much better developed, because there are rostral branches to the rostral epidural rete mirabile at this point. The arterial vessels are not accompanied by homonymous veins. However, the arteries of the rostral epidural rete mirabile are accompanied by venous vessels of the cavernous sinus. That rete plays an important role in selective brain cooling, the conservation of body water, and retrograde transport of neurotransmitters. CO, GnRH, beta-endorphin, progesterone, testosterone, oxytocin, LHRH and dopamine diffuse from the venous blood of the cavernous sinus to the arterial blood of the rostral epidural rete mirabile.

Side-to-Side Anastomosis Training Model Using Rat Common Carotid Arteries

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Tayebi Meybodi ◽  
Joseph Aklinski ◽  
Sirin Gandhi ◽  
Mark C Preul ◽  
Michael T Lawton
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Training Model ◽  
External Jugular Vein ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Ischemia Time ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Cervical Segment ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Abstract BACKGROUND The side-to-side anastomosis is one of the difficult bypass configurations that may be used in various complex cerebral vascular and neoplastic cases. Few pure arterial models exist for practicing this bypass subtype. OBJECTIVE To provide an optimized side-to-side anastomosis training model using rat common carotid arteries (CCA). METHODS Bilateral CCAs were exposed in the neck of 10 anesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats. The arteries were juxtaposed in parallel, using temporary aneurysm clips applied proximally and distally. CCA caliber and the length of CCA juxtaposition were measured. Side-to-side anastomosis was completed and ischemia time was recorded. Unintended complications were recorded for further analysis. RESULTS Anastomosis was completed successfully in all animals. The CCAs were approximated in all animals without any difficulty or undue tension. In 2 rats, death occurred prior to completion of anastomosis, which was attributed to injury to the external jugular vein during vessel exposure. Mean ischemia time was 35 min with an average of 22 sutures done to complete the anastomosis. The average CCA caliber was 1.1 ± 0.2 mm and the arteries could be juxtaposed for an average length of 10.2 ± 1.5 mm. CONCLUSION Full exposure of the cervical segment of the CCAs enables tension-free approximation of adequate length of the vessel for a side-to-side anastomosis. Avoiding complications during exposure helps in prevention of animal death during the ischemia period.

Effect of Bilateral Occlusion of Common Carotid Arteries on Cardiac Output and Oxygen Content of Arterial and Venous Blood in the Anesthetized Dog

1956 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley H. Brind ◽  
Joseph R. Bianchine ◽  
Matthew N. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carotid Occlusion ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Oxygen Content ◽  
Bilateral Carotid Occlusion ◽  
Bilateral Carotid ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Changes in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, hematocrit ratio, and arterial and venous oxygen content resulting from bilateral carotid occlusion were investigated. Cardiac output exhibited no significant alteration during endosinusal hypotension, and the systemic hypertension engendered was attributed to an increase in vasomotor tone. Arterial and venous oxygen content, as well as hematocrit ratio, increased significantly during the period of carotid occlusion. This increase was ascribed to splenic contraction evoked by carotid occlusion, since no comparable augmentation was observed when the splenic circulation was temporarily interrupted.

Respiratory sensitivity to carbon dioxide in cross-circulated dogs

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick F. Kao ◽  
Remedios G. Suntay ◽  
William K. Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Sensitivity Coefficient ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Common ◽  
Respiratory Centers ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Respiratory Sensitivity

The effect of CO2 on ventilation was studied in cross-circulated dogs. In these experiments the recipient dog's head was perfused exclusively by arterial blood from the donor dog through anastomoses of the common carotid arteries of the donor to the vertebral arteries of the recipient. The carotid arteries of the recipient dog, as well as its muscles in the neck, were tied. The injection of lipiodol and latex did not reveal leakage from the recipient's head to its body or vice versa. Ventilation and arterial Pco2 of both dogs were determined before, during, and after the inhalation of carbon dioxide of 3, 5, and 7% with 20% oxygen and balance nitrogen by the donor for 20 min or more. The sensitivity of the respiratory centers of both dogs to Pco2 was similar, as indicated by the regression lines relating ventilation in both dogs as a function of arterial Pco2 of the donor dog only. The blood of the recipient's body was hypocapnic when its head was receiving hypercapnic blood. The sensitivity coefficient in both dogs was similar to that of decerebrate dogs during CO2 inhalation. It is inferred that the central CO2 chemoreceptors can account for all the ventilatory response to CO2 inhalation.

Effects of Bilateral Vagotomy on Renal Function in the Rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 420-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Renal Nerve ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bilateral Vagotomy ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Renal function was studied in rats before and after section of the vagus nerves at the level of the common carotid arteries. In the control group of rats, sodium output and volume rate of urine flow increased following vagal section but glomerular filtration rate did not change. This response was not altered in other rats by desoxycorticosterone acetate, vasopressin, or renal nerve section. This response was similar to that seen in rats in which both common carotid arteries had been occluded. The natriuresis following bilateral vagotomy did not occur in rats in which the blood pressure was prevented from rising by means of aortic constriction. It is concluded that a natriuresis does occur following bilateral vagotomy. This natriuresis may be a result of the effect of arterial blood pressure following the vagotomy.

scholarly journals Autoregulation in the Middle Meningeal Artery

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michalicek ◽  
V. Gordon ◽  
G. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Middle Meningeal Artery ◽  
Gain Factor ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Meningeal Artery

In cats anesthetized with α-chloralose, auto-regulation of blood flow (F) in the middle meningeal and common carotid arteries was assessed by bleeding and subsequently reinfusing the animals to achieve a 25% step reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (P), while maintaining the systolic blood pressure >80 mmHg. The integrity of autoregulation was assessed by calculating the gain factor Gf = 1 — [(ΔF/F)/(ΔP/P)]. Cats were examined intact, after hexamethonium (10 mg/kg), and after papaverine (6 mg/kg). Reduction of blood pressure of 25 to 60 mmHg produced equivalent drops in carotid blood flow ( Gf = 0.041 ± 0.34; mean ± standard deviation, n = 12). There were only small changes in flow in the middle meningeal artery during this procedure ( Gf = 0.91 ± 0.29). Hexamethonium did not block autoregulation in the middle meningeal artery ( Gf = 0.92 ± 0.13, n = 4). However, papaverine almost completely abolished the ability of the artery to autoregulate ( Gf = 0.10 ± 0.16, n = 7). The results suggest that the middle meningeal artery possesses an ability similar to that of the cortical circulation to autoregulate its blood flow through intrinsic, non-neuronal mechanisms. This will have important implications for the study of disturbances of dural arterial control in migraine and other headaches.

scholarly journals Spinal Sympathetic Reflexes in the Cat and the Pathogenesis of Arterial Hypertension

1974 ◽  
Vol 48 (s2) ◽  
pp. 259s-260s ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Malliani ◽  
F. Lombardi ◽  
M. Pagani ◽  
G. Recordati ◽  
P. J. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Cervical Nerve ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sympathetic Reflexes ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Cervical Nerve Roots

1. In vagotomized anaesthetized cats with both common carotid arteries occluded, stretch of the thoracic aorta induced reflex increases in arterial blood pressure, heart rate and left ventricular dP/dtmax.. Similar responses were obtained in cats with spinal transection at the level of the first cervical nerve roots. 2. The hypothesis is advanced that sympathetic excitatory reflexes may contribute to the maintenance of hypertension through positive feedback.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Superior Labial Musculomucosal Flap in Dogs: An Angiographic Study and Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Degner ◽  
Cody Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Barium Sulphate ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Angiographic Study ◽  
Arterial Blood Supply ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Large Cleft ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the angiosome of the superior and inferior labial arteries within the superior and inferior labia and to describe superior and inferior labial musculomucosal axial pattern flaps that can be used for intra-oral wound reconstruction. This study also presents the clinical use of a superior labial musculomucosal flap in a dog. Materials and Methods The common carotid arteries of six canine cadavers were injected with barium sulphate. The skin of the face and labial mucosa was removed and radiographed to study the vascular supply of the superior and inferior labia. Results The angiograms in all dogs demonstrated that the superior and inferior labial arteries were located within the musculomucosal layer of the labia. At the junction of the rostral and caudal half of the upper lip, extensive choke anastomoses joined the angiosome of the infra-orbital artery. The inferior labial artery perfused the caudal half of the lower labium and had extensive choke anastomoses with the middle and rostral mental arteries. Clinical Significance The musculomucosal flaps of the superior and inferior labia contain a rich arterial blood supply, which suggests that these flaps may survive in live dogs. The superior labial musculomucosal flap was successfully used to reconstruct a large cleft palate in a single clinical case.

scholarly journals Ketone bodies metabolism during ischemic and reperfusion brain injuries following bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Henrique Girão Faria ◽  
Luis Roberto Franklin Muniz ◽  
Paulo Roberto Leitão de Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Brain Ischemia ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Carotid Occlusion ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Bilateral Carotid ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vivo alterations on ketone bodies metabolism after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion through an experimental model of brain ischemia induced by simple occlusion of common carotid arteries (CCAs) in Wistar rats. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly distributed on two groups (S - Sham; T - Test) and further redistributed into four times sets of study. After bilateral occlusion of CCAs for 30min, the animals of group T were allowed reperfusion for 0, 5, 10 and 15min. Samples of cerebral tissue and systemic arterial blood were collected and the metabolites acetoacetate (ACT) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were determined. RESULTS: Cerebral ACT and BHB levels increased significantly in Group T after 30min of carotid occlusion (time 0). The highest brain ketone bodies (ACT+BHB) concentration was verified at 5min of reperfusion, decreasing after 10min of recirculation. Systemic ketone bodies levels increased similarly between test and sham groups. Group S demonstrated a significant increase in cerebral and systemic ACT and BHB concentrations mainly after 40-45min of study. CONCLUSIONS: The partial transient acute global brain ischemia induced by the bilateral carotid occlusion in Wistar rats triggered ketogenesis probably due to a central stimulation of catecholamine secretion. There was an increased cerebral uptake of ketone bodies following brain ischemia, reaffirming these metabolites as alternative energy substrates under conditions of cerebral metabolic stress as well as its potential role on neuroprotection. The greatest changes in ketone bodies metabolism were verified at initial minutes of recirculation as a result of the reperfusion injury phenomenon.

scholarly journals External jugular venous sampling for Cushing’s disease in a patient with hypoplastic inferior petrosal sinuses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Keyan A. Peterson ◽  
Christofer D. Burnette ◽  
Kyle M. Fargen ◽  
Patrick A. Brown ◽  
James L. West ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
External Jugular Vein ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Venous Sampling

The authors report the case of a 30-year-old female patient with suspected Cushing’s disease with an anatomical variation of hypoplastic inferior petrosal sinuses and nearly exclusive anterior drainage from the cavernous sinus, who underwent external jugular venous blood sampling with successful disease confirmation and microadenoma localization. The patient presented with signs and symptoms consistent with Cushing’s syndrome, but with discordant preliminary diagnostic testing. She underwent attempted bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling; however, she had hypoplastic inferior petrosal sinuses bilaterally and predominantly anterior drainage from the cavernous sinus into the external jugular circulation. Given this finding, the decision was made to proceed with external jugular venous access and sampling in addition to internal jugular venous sampling. A positive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response to corticotropin-releasing factor was obtained in the right external jugular vein alone, suggesting a right-sided pituitary microadenoma as the cause of her Cushing’s disease. The patient subsequently underwent a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy that confirmed the presence of a right-sided ACTH-secreting microadenoma, which was successfully resected. She was hypocortisolemic on discharge and has had no signs of recurrence or relapse at 6 months postoperation.

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