scholarly journals Perspectives on offshore wind farms development in chosen countries of European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Leszek Dawid
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Under Construction

AbstractAt the end of 2016 there were 84 wind farms under construction in 11 European countries. Investments in this sector are enormous. The average cost of a wind farm construction amounts to approx. 4 mln EUR per 1 MW of installed power. Offshore wind energy production also plays a significant role in the process of ensuring energy security in Europe, and in reduction of greenhouse gases. The objective of this paper is to present prospects of offshore wind energy farms development in the leading member states of the European Union as regards this problem. In this paper offshore wind farms in Germany and Denmark have been studied. In the paper the power of wind farms, the support systems as well as criteria related to location of wind farm offshore have been analysed. German and Danish sectors of offshore wind energy are strongly supported by respective governments. Both countries aim at yearly increase of wind energy share in total energy production. The research has been conducted based on the analysis of acts, regulations, the subject’s literature and information from websites.

scholarly journals Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Energy Policy: From Policy Dilemma to Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10465
Author(s):  
Huey-Shian Chung
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Energy Policy

Taiwan’s offshore wind energy policy (OWE policy) is a response to sustainable development goals. Offshore wind energy has become one of the fastest growing renewable energies on Taiwan’s coastline, with the government’s full support for the promotion and implementation of the OWE policy. With the operation of Taiwan’s first wind farm in 2021, increasing controversies are specifically concerned with the distribution of social, economic, and environmental burdens and benefits resulting from the OWE policy. More offshore wind farms are forthcoming by 2025. However, little attention has been paid to policy dilemmas for many aspects relevant to sustainable development. Therefore, this paper conducts a policy analysis to construct policy-relevant information of the OWE policy and identifies policy dilemmas in relation to concerns about sustainable development. This paper presents policy recommendations on the design and decision-making processes for facilitating the smooth promotion and implementation of Taiwan’s OWE policy and future renewable energy policies.

scholarly journals Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Akhtar ◽  
Beate Geyer ◽  
Burkhardt Rockel ◽  
Philipp S. Sommer ◽  
Corinna Schrum
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

AbstractThe European Union has set ambitious CO2 reduction targets, stimulating renewable energy production and accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy in northern European waters, mainly the North Sea. With increasing size and clustering, offshore wind farms (OWFs) wake effects, which alter wind conditions and decrease the power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind become more important. We use a high-resolution regional climate model with implemented wind farm parameterizations to explore offshore wind energy production limits in the North Sea. We simulate near future wind farm scenarios considering existing and planned OWFs in the North Sea and assess power generation losses and wind variations due to wind farm wake. The annual mean wind speed deficit within a wind farm can reach 2–2.5 ms−1 depending on the wind farm geometry. The mean deficit, which decreases with distance, can extend 35–40 km downwind during prevailing southwesterly winds. Wind speed deficits are highest during spring (mainly March–April) and lowest during November–December. The large-size of wind farms and their proximity affect not only the performance of its downwind turbines but also that of neighboring downwind farms, reducing the capacity factor by 20% or more, which increases energy production costs and economic losses. We conclude that wind energy can be a limited resource in the North Sea. The limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in climate mitigation strategies and cross-national optimization of offshore energy production plans are inevitable.

scholarly journals Analysis of offshore wind farm located on Baltic Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 01049
Author(s):  
Anna Sobotka ◽  
Kajetan Chmielewski ◽  
Marcin Rowicki ◽  
Justyna Dudzińska ◽  
Przemysław Janiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
The Baltic

Poland is currently at the beginning of the energy transformation. Nowadays, most of the electricity generated in Poland comes from coal combustion. However, in accordance to the European Union policy of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, there are already plans to switch to low-emission energy sources in Poland, one of which are offshore wind farms. The article presents the current regulatory environment of the offshore wind energy in Poland, along with a reference to Polish and European decarbonisation plans. In the further part of the article, the methods of determining the kinetic energy of wind and the power curve of a wind turbine are discussed. Then, on the basis of historical data of wind speeds collected in the area of the Baltic Sea, calculations are carried out leading to obtain statistical distributions of power that could be generated by an exemplary wind farm with a power capacity of 400 MW, located at the place of wind measurements. On their basis, statistical differences in the wind power generation between years, months of the year and hours of the day are analysed.

Offshore Wind Energy and the Mid-Atlantic Cold Pool: A Review of Potential Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Travis Miles ◽  
Sarah Murphy ◽  
Josh Kohut ◽  
Sarah Borsetti ◽  
Daphne Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Cold Pool ◽  
Ocean Bottom ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Seasonal Thermocline

Abstract The U.S. East Coast has 1.7 million acres of federal bottom under lease for the development of wind energy installations, with plans for more than 1,500 foundations to be placed. The scale of these wind farms has the potential to alter the unique and delicate oceanographic conditions along the expansive Atlantic continental shelf, a region characterized by a strong seasonal thermocline that overlies cold bottom water, known as the “Cold Pool.” Strong seasonal stratification traps cold (typically less than 10°C) water above the ocean bottom sustaining a boreal fauna that represents vast fisheries, including the most lucrative shellfish fisheries in the United States. This paper reviews the existing literature and research pertaining to the ways in which offshore wind farms may alter processes that establish, maintain, and degrade stratification associated with the Cold Pool through vertical mixing in this seasonally dynamic system. Changes in stratification could have important consequences in Cold Pool setup and degradation, processes fundamental to high fishery productivity of the region. The potential for these multiple wind energy arrays to alter oceanographic processes and the biological systems that rely on them is possible; however, a great deal of uncertainty remains about the nature and scale of these interactions. Research should be prioritized that identifies stratification thresholds of influence, below which turbines and wind farm arrays may alter oceanographic processes. These should be examined within context of spatial and seasonal dynamics of the Cold Pool and offshore wind lease areas to identify potential areas of further study.

scholarly journals Optimization of Wind Turbine Interconnections in an Offshore Wind Farm Using Metaheuristic Algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakib El Mokhi ◽  
Adnane Addaim
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Metaheuristic Algorithms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Wind energy is currently one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources in the world. For this reason, research on methods to render wind farms more energy efficient is reasonable. The optimization of wind turbine positions within wind farms makes the exploitation of wind energy more efficient and the wind farms more competitive with other energy resources. The investment costs alone for substation and electrical infrastructure for offshore wind farms run around 15–30% of the total investment costs of the project, which are considered high. Optimizing the substation location can reduce these costs, which also minimizes the overall cable length within the wind farm. In parallel, optimizing the cable routing can provide an additional benefit by finding the optimal grid network routing. In this article, the authors show the procedure on how to create an optimized wind farm already in the design phase using metaheuristic algorithms. Besides the optimization of wind turbine positions for more energy efficiency, the optimization methods of the substation location and the cable routing for the collector system to avoid cable losses are also presented.

scholarly journals Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 2: Updated ship design and cost of energy estimate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Babarit ◽  
Félix Gorintin ◽  
Pierrick de Belizal ◽  
Antoine Neau ◽  
Giovanni Bordogna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Ocean Engineering ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Abstract. This paper deals with a new concept for the conversion of far-offshore wind energy into sustainable fuel. It relies on autonomous sailing energy ships and manned support tankers. Energy ships are wind-propelled ships that generate electricity using water turbines attached underneath their hull. Since energy ships are not grid-connected, they include onboard power-to-X plants for storage of the produced energy. In the present work, the energy vector X is methanol. In the first part of this study (Babarit et al., 2020), an energy ship design has been proposed and its energy performance has been assessed. In this second part, the aim is to estimate the energy and economic performance of such system. In collaboration with ocean engineering, marine renewable energy and wind-assisted propulsion’s experts, the energy ship design of the first part has been revised and updated. Based on this new design, a complete FARWIND energy system is proposed, and its costs (CAPEX and OPEX) are estimated. Results of the models show (i) that this FARWIND system could produce approximately 70,000 tonnes of methanol per annum (approximately 400 GWh per annum of chemical energy) at a cost in the range 1.2 to 3.6 €/kg, (ii) that this cost may be comparable to that of methanol produced by offshore wind farms in the long term, and (iii) that FARWIND-produced methanol (and offshore wind farms-produced methanol) could compete with gasoline on the EU transportation fuel market in the long term.

Support for Offshore Monopile Installation Through the Trench Cutter Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 155 (A3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Drilling Technique ◽  
Hard Soil ◽  
Under Construction

Europe is currently facing an energetic revolution. Several offshore wind farm projects are currently under construction or under planning in North and Baltic Sea. Typical foundation structures for offshore wind farms are steel open-ended monopiles with large diameters up to 6 m. Currently, the monopiles are installed by driving with large impact hammers. However, there are many situations where pile refusal is reached, due to hard soil layers or erratic blocks. Driving and drilling technique is therefore applied. This manuscript briefly describes the trench cutter technology normally used for foundation works on land. Three case histories onshore and one offshore project are discussed and the evolution of the trench cutter technology for supporting the installation of offshore monopile is described.

Offshore Wind Energy: Good Practice in Impact Assessment, Mitigation and Compensation

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lüdeke
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Aiming towards good practice in the planning and approval of offshore wind farms suggestions are provided for the amendment of environmental impact assessment (EIA), an effective marine spatial planning and the establishment of marine compensation measure. The investigation is focused on the situation in Germany as a frontrunner in ecological research on offshore wind energy. After 10 years of research in Germany, it is timely to offer a synopsis of the results especially regarding the successful investigations of mitigation measures. The results are based on published data collected in Germany over the last 10 years, as well as international research. The outcomes of the research were validated by interviewing experts using the Delphi method. Key findings for good practice in impact assessment, mitigation and compensation: 1. EIAs should focus on decision-relevant subjects of protection (i.e. specific bird species and harbour porpoises). 2. There is a strong necessity for thresholds for the approval process. 3. Exclusion of OWFs in hotspots of sensitive species. 4. Application of state-of-the-art mitigation measures particularly against underwater noise to avoid damages of the hearing of porpoises. 5. The introduction of marine compensation measures is strongly suggested.

scholarly journals Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 2: Updated ship design and cost of energy estimate

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1191-1204
Author(s):  
Aurélien Babarit ◽  
Félix Gorintin ◽  
Pierrick de Belizal ◽  
Antoine Neau ◽  
Giovanni Bordogna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Ocean Engineering ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Abstract. This paper deals with a new concept for the conversion of far-offshore wind energy into sustainable fuel. It relies on autonomous sailing energy ships and manned support tankers. Energy ships are wind-propelled ships that generate electricity using water turbines attached underneath their hull. Since energy ships are not grid-connected, they include onboard power-to-X plants for storage of the produced energy. In the present work, the energy vector X is methanol. In the first part of this study, an energy ship design was proposed, and its energy performance was assessed. In this second part, the aim is to update the energy and economic performance of such a system based on design progression. In collaboration with ocean engineering, marine renewable energy and wind-assisted propulsion experts, the energy ship design of the first part has been revised. Based on this new design, a complete FARWIND energy system is proposed, and its costs (CAPEX and OPEX) are estimated. Results of the models show (i) that this FARWIND system could produce approximately 70 000 t of methanol per annum (approximately 400 GWh per annum of chemical energy) at a cost in the range EUR 1.2 to 3.6/kg, (ii) that this cost may be comparable to that of methanol produced by offshore wind farms in the long term and (iii) that FARWIND-produced methanol (and methanol produced by offshore wind farms) could compete with gasoline on the EU transportation fuel market in the long term.

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