Coexistence and population genetic structure of the whooper swan Cygnus cygnus and mute swan Cygnus olor in Lithuania and Latvia

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 886-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalius Butkauskas ◽  
Saulius Švažas ◽  
Vaida Tubelytė ◽  
Julius Morkūnas ◽  
Aniolas Sruoga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Genetic Population Structure ◽  
Mute Swan ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Cygnus Olor ◽  
Mute Swans ◽  
Whooper Swan

AbstractTwo closely related swan species, the mute swan Cygnus olor and the whooper swan Cygnus cygnus, were formerly allopatric throughout their breeding ranges, but during the last decades a sympatric distribution has become characteristic of these species in the Baltic Sea region. The whooper swan has gradually replaced the mute swan in many suitable habitats in Lithuania and Latvia. Marked differences in the genetic population structure of both species may partially explain the dominance of the whooper swan, as genetic population divergence can be a major factor affecting inter-specific competition. A homogenous genetic population structure was defined for mute swans breeding in Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Belarus. Breeding mute swans in this region are mostly of naturalised origin. A diverse population genetic structure characterizes whooper swans breeding in Lithuania and Latvia.

scholarly journals Birds are islands for parasites

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 20140255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. H. Koop ◽  
Karen E. DeMatteo ◽  
Patricia G. Parker ◽  
Noah K. Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Louse Species ◽  
Parasite Populations

Understanding the mechanisms driving the extraordinary diversification of parasites is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Co-speciation, one proposed mechanism that could contribute to this diversity is hypothesized to result from allopatric co-divergence of host–parasite populations. We found that island populations of the Galápagos hawk ( Buteo galapagoensis ) and a parasitic feather louse species ( Degeeriella regalis ) exhibit patterns of co-divergence across variable temporal and spatial scales. Hawks and lice showed nearly identical population genetic structure across the Galápagos Islands. Hawk population genetic structure is explained by isolation by distance among islands. Louse population structure is best explained by hawk population structure, rather than isolation by distance per se , suggesting that lice tightly track the recent population histories of their hosts. Among hawk individuals, louse populations were also highly structured, suggesting that hosts serve as islands for parasites from an evolutionary perspective. Altogether, we found that host and parasite populations may have responded in the same manner to geographical isolation across spatial scales. Allopatric co-divergence is likely one important mechanism driving the diversification of parasites.

scholarly journals Population structure of Opisthorchis felineus (Trematoda) and its second intermediate hosts — cyprinid fishes in the Ob-Irtysh focus of opisthorchiasis, based on allozyme data

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Zhigileva ◽  
V. Ozhireľev ◽  
T. Stepanova ◽  
T. Moiseenko
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Opisthorchis Felineus ◽  
Cyprinid Fishes ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractGenetic variability of West Siberian populations of Opisthorchis felineus and two species of cyprinid fish, its second intermediate hosts, was studied by isozyme analysis. Low levels of allozyme variation and genetic differentiation in O. felineus from the Ob-Irtysh focus of opisthorchiasis were detected. The proportion of polymorphic loci was 21.1 %, the average observed heterozygosity (Hobs) was 0.008, and expected heterozygosity (Hexp) was 0.052. For most loci in O. felineus deficit of heterozygotes (FIS = 0.7424) was observed. A comparison of population genetic structure of fish and parasites showed they were not congruent. Estimates of genetic differentiation of the parasite were smaller than for the fish — its intermediate host. Migration and population structure of the second intermediate hosts do not play an important role in formation of the population-genetic structure of O. felineus in the Ob-Irtysh focus of opisthorchiasis.

scholarly journals Allele frequencies in loci controlling coat colour in Polish Coldblood horses

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 462-472
Author(s):  
Anna Stachurska ◽  
Antoni Brodacki ◽  
Marta Liss
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Horse Population ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Recessive Phenotype

The objective of this study was to estimate the frequencies of alleles which produce coat colour in Polish Coldblood horse population, and to verify the hypothesis that coat colour is not considered in its selection. The analysis included 35 928 horses and their parents having been registered in the studbook over a half-century. Allele frequencies in Agouti (A), Extension (E), Dun (D), Roan (Rn), and Grey (G) loci, in parental and offspring generations, were estimated according to test matings and the square root of recessive phenotype frequency. The population structure is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium only at E locus and coat colour is regarded by breeders. Black horses are favoured. Higher E locus homozygosity in blacks than in bays makes it easier to obtain black foals. Dun-diluted, roan and grey coat colours are undesirable and the population has come to consist almost uniformly of basic coat colours. These results show the importance of studies on population genetic structure, which despite no formal criteria for breeding for colour, can considerably change through generations.

Contrasting population genetic structure of two widespread aquatic insects in the Chilean high-slope rivers

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Sabando ◽  
I. Vila ◽  
R. Peñaloza ◽  
D. Véliz
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Three Rivers

Dispersal and many other factors affect population genetic structure. In central Chile, rivers are characterised by strong currents and transverse mountain chains, which impose physical barriers to the populations that inhabit them. The objective of the present study was to study the population genetic structure of two widespread species of aquatic insects, the caddisfly Smicridea annulicornis and the mayfly Andesiops torrens, in three isolated rivers, Choapa, Maipo and Maule. The analysis of population structure, using both mtDNA (cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1, COI) and nuclear markers (amplified fragment length polymorphism, AFLP), considered samples from within and among rivers. In S. annulicornis, we found differentiation within and among rivers, indicating a low dispersal among the study area. Populations of A. torrens shared haplotypes in all three rivers and no differences were found among rivers, indicating that this species probably has more dispersal potential than does S. annulicornis; however, significant differences were observed within rivers. Our results indicate that the transverse mountain chains are not a barrier for A. torrens, which can disperse among rivers. Within rivers, the population structure suggests that these species are probably adapted to avoid drift because of the torrential character of these Chilean rivers.

scholarly journals Genetic population structure of fishers (Pekania pennanti) in the Great Lakes region: remnants and reintroductions

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 869-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hapeman ◽  
Emily K. Latch ◽  
Olin E. Rhodes ◽  
Brad Swanson ◽  
C. William Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Genetic Population Structure ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Pekania Pennanti

Reintroduction programs have been pivotal in augmenting populations of fishers (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)) and re-establishing them to their former range in North America. The majority of reintroduction efforts in fishers have been considered demographically successful, but reintroductions can alter genetic population structure and success has rarely been evaluated in fishers from a genetic standpoint. We used microsatellite data (n = 169) to examine genetic population structure of fishers in the Great Lakes region and comment on the success of past reintroductions at two different spatial scales. We found significant genetic population structure among source and reintroduced populations within the Great Lakes region and large-scale genetic structure between fisher populations located in two geographically distant regions (Great Lakes and Northeast) in the eastern United States. Reintroductions associated with the Great Lakes produced results that were largely consistent with other studies of fisher reintroductions in the Northeast. However, our data are the first to support a measurable impact on genetic population structure in Pekania pennanti pennanti (Erxleben, 1777) from a reintroduction using geographically distant source and reintroduced populations. When feasible, we strongly recommend that reintroduction programs include an investigation of the underlying genetic structure to better define intended goals and supplement measures of demographic success.

scholarly journals A tale of two seas: contrasting patterns of population structure in the small-spotted catshark across Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 140175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysoula Gubili ◽  
David W. Sims ◽  
Ana Veríssimo ◽  
Paolo Domenici ◽  
Jim Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Glacial Cycles ◽  
Mediterranean Populations ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
The Mediterranean

Elasmobranchs represent important components of marine ecosystems, but they can be vulnerable to overexploitation. This has driven investigations into the population genetic structure of large-bodied pelagic sharks, but relatively little is known of population structure in smaller demersal taxa, which are perhaps more representative of the biodiversity of the group. This study explores spatial population genetic structure of the small-spotted catshark ( Scyliorhinus canicula ), across European seas. The results show significant genetic differences among most of the Mediterranean sample collections, but no significant structure among Atlantic shelf areas. The data suggest the Mediterranean populations are likely to have persisted in a stable and structured environment during Pleistocene sea-level changes. Conversely, the Northeast Atlantic populations would have experienced major changes in habitat availability during glacial cycles, driving patterns of population reduction and expansion. The data also provide evidence of male-biased dispersal and female philopatry over large spatial scales, implying complex sex-determined differences in the behaviour of elasmobranchs. On the basis of this evidence, we suggest that patterns of connectivity are determined by trends of past habitat stability that provides opportunity for local adaptation in species exhibiting philopatric behaviour, implying that resilience of populations to fisheries and other stressors may differ across the range of species.

Microsatellite analysis of North American pine marten (Martes americana) populations from the Yukon and Northwest Territories

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1150-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Kyle ◽  
C S Davis ◽  
C Strobeck
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
North American ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Martes Americana ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Pine Marten

Elucidating the population genetic structure of a species gives us insight into the levels of gene flow between geographic regions. Such data may have important implications for those trying to manage a heavily harvested wildlife species by determining the genetic connectivity of adjacent populations. In this study, the population structure of 12 North American pine marten (Martes americana) populations from the Yukon through to the central Northwest Territories was investigated using 11 microsatellite loci. Genetic variation within populations across the entire geographic range was relatively homogeneous as measured by: mean number of alleles (5.89 ± 0.45) and the average unbiased expected heterozygosity (He) (65.6 ± 1.7%). The overall unbiased probability of identity showed more variance between populations (1/10.25 ± 7.84 billion) than did the mean number of alleles and the He estimates. Although some population structure was found among the populations, most regions were not strongly differentiated from one another. The low level of structure among the populations can, in part, be attributed to isolation by distance rather than to population fragmentation, as would be expected in more southerly regions in which suitable habitat is more disjunct. Furthermore, the low levels of population genetic structure were likely due to high levels of gene flow between regions and to large effective marten populations in the northern part of their distribution.

scholarly journals Population genetic structure based on mitochondrial DNA analysis of Ikonnikov’s whiskered bat (Myotis ikonnikovi—Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyeon Park ◽  
Pureum Noh ◽  
Yu-Seong Choi ◽  
Sungbae Joo ◽  
Gilsang Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Maternal Lineage ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Analysis

Abstract Background Ikonnikov’s whiskered bat (Myotis ikonnikovi) is found throughout the Korean Peninsula, as well as in Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia, China, and Japan. It is small-sized and primarily inhabits old-growth forests. The decrease and fragmentation of habitats due to increased human activity may influence the genetic structure of bat populations. This study was designed to elucidate the population genetic structure of M. ikonnikovi using mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b). Results The results showed that M. ikonnikovi populations from Korea have high genetic diversity. Although genetic differentiation was not detected for the COI gene, strong genetic differentiation of the Cytb gene between Mt. Jeombong and Mt. Jiri populations was observed. Moreover, the results indicated that the gene flow of the maternal lineage may be limited. Conclusions This study is the first to identify the genetic population structure of M. ikonnikovi. We suggest that conservation of local populations is important for sustaining the genetic diversity of the bat, and comprehensive studies on factors causing habitat fragmentation are required.

Population genetic structure of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) across the natural distribution range in Australia informs fishery management and aquaculture practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon R. Loughnan ◽  
Carolyn Smith-Keune ◽  
Luciano B. Beheregaray ◽  
Nicholas A. Robinson ◽  
Dean R. Jerry
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
Lates Calcarifer ◽  
Land Bridge

Clarifying population structure of fish stocks is important for the sustainable exploitation of fisheries, along with informing collection of founder broodstock for the genetic improvement of aquaculture programs. Using 16 microsatellite DNA markers, the most comprehensive genetic survey to date (1297 individuals from 49 sample collections) of the population structure and genetic diversity of wild Australian barramundi (Lates calcarifer) was undertaken. The results point to the existence of two distinct genetic stocks (east and west) with isolation by geographic distance (IBD), and a central region of admixture between the stocks, located in an area where a historic land bridge once connected northern Australia with Papua New Guinea. Global levels of population differentiation were moderate (fixation index, FST=0.103, P<0.001) and IBD was identified as a factor influencing population structure across the sampled region. There was also evidence of temporal stability of population genetic structure over a period of 25 years. This study provides valuable information for improving programs of translocation, restocking and captive breeding for both the wild barramundi fishery and the aquaculture industry.

Comparison of algorithms to infer genetic population structure from unlinked molecular markers

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Peña-Malavera ◽  
Cecilia Bruno ◽  
Elmer Fernandez ◽  
Monica Balzarini
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Marker Data ◽  
Maize Genotypes

AbstractIdentifying population genetic structure (PGS) is crucial for breeding and conservation. Several clustering algorithms are available to identify the underlying PGS to be used with genetic data of maize genotypes. In this work, six methods to identify PGS from unlinked molecular marker data were compared using simulated and experimental data consisting of multilocus-biallelic genotypes. Datasets were delineated under different biological scenarios characterized by three levels of genetic divergence among populations (low, medium, and high

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