Corruption and the Fatal Power of Envy: Revisiting The Classical Republican Tradition

2014 ◽  
Vol 2013 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-42
Author(s):  
Rebecca Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
American Culture ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Negative Liberty ◽  
The Republic

AbstractOne hurdle to the systematic study of corruption is the plethora of definitions, none of which seems to meet the test of applicability across times and political systems. This, in turn, leads to difficulty in assessing the reasons underlying corruption and explaining its levels in various contexts. Thus, it may be useful to recur to the classical republican notions, particularly the conflation of the public and personal, the degree to which the republic relied upon a virtuous and selfsacrificing citizenry, and the problem of individual desire and envy. The more modern 18th century British concept twisted the equation and drew a boundary between the public and the private such that individuals needed to squelch their private desires in favor of public virtue. Later termed positive and negative liberty, this fundamental divide became the threshold of corruption. How can individual rights be protected from government intrusion? Conversely, how can governmental rights be protected from individual intrusion? How can free, independent humans govern themselves? Such fundamental questions remain central to contemporary American culture. This paper suggests that a return to Classical Republican Tradition, particularly the writing of Thucydides and the concept of “fatal envy” can shed new light on the dialectical nature of public and private liberty and of the issue of corruption.

“Imagined Territory: The Republic of China’s 1955 Veto of Mongolian Membership in the United Nations”

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-295
Author(s):  
Keith Allan Clark II
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Republic

In 1955, Jiang Tingfu, representing the Republic of China (roc), vetoed Mongolia’s entry into the United Nations. In the 26 years the roc represented China in the United Nations, it only cast this one veto. The roc’s veto was a contentious move because Taipei had recognized Mongolia as a sovereign state in 1946. A majority of the world body, including the United States, favored Mongolia’s admission as part of a deal to end the international organization’s deadlocked-admissions problem. The roc’s veto placed it not only in opposition to the United Nations but also its primary benefactor. This article describes the public and private discourse surrounding this event to analyze how roc representatives portrayed the veto and what they thought Mongolian admission to the United Nations represented. It also examines international reactions to Taipei’s claims and veto. It argues that in 1955 Mongolia became a synecdoche for all of China that Taipei claimed to represent, and therefore roc representatives could not acknowledge it as a sovereign state.

O PRINCÍPIO KANTIANO DA PUBLICIDADE NA MORAL E NO DIREITO

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (115) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
José N. Heck
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Individual

A moderna concepção de indivíduo justifica-se na esfera pública. O termo publicidade remonta ao modo privado de pensar, no século XVIII, por parte de pessoas que tinham o costume, à maneira iluminista, de ler livros, eram rotineiramente informadas por jornais, criavam associações de leitura e freqüentavam espaços comuns de lazer em cafés, salões e parques, onde à época eram discutidas novas idéias advindas de longe, oriundas dos grandes centros urbanos com universidades centenárias. Esta congruência entre uso privado e público da razão, Kant a contrapõe a um uso específico de razão, privativo a pessoas que exercem funções e cumprem ordens em obediência a comandos superiores, como é o caso dos funcionários públicos; ou seja, na contramão do emprego hoje usual da palavra, o filósofo alemão predica à denominação uso privado aquele que o sábio pode fazer de sua razão em um certo cargo público ou função a ele confiada. Kant estabelece, ao longo de sua obra, o princípio da publicidade como a âncora legitimadora de sua filosofia moral, política e jurídica.Abstract: The modern concept of the individual is justified in the public sphere. The term publicity first appeared in the 18th century to describe the private manner of thinking of those who, following the general enlightenment custom, were used to reading books. These people were kept regularly informed by journals; created reading associations and frequented shared leisure areas in cafés, salons and parks where new ideas coming from afar, originated in the great urban centers with century-old universities, were discussed. Kant opposes this congruency between the public and private uses of reason to a specific use of reason, particular to those who fulfill functions and obey superior orders, as is the case of civil servants. Contrary to the normal usage of the word today, the German philosopher recognizes in the term private use that which the scholar can do with reason in a certain public office or function confided to him. Throughout his work, Kant establishes the principle of publicity as a legitimate anchor for his moral, political and juridical philosophy.

scholarly journals Institutional Support of the Public-Private Partnership in the Republic of Poland

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-155
Author(s):  
Nykola Lakhyzha ◽  
Svitlana Yehorycheva
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Law Firms ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The experience of the institutional support of public-private partnership in the Republic of Poland has been analyzed. It is noted that Poland was one of the first among the post-communist countries to implement a mechanism of public-private partnership. The peculiarities of the practice of realization of public-private partnership in Poland during the 1990s and its legal support were determined. The possibility of its development on the basis of general norms of civil, economic, administrative and other branches of law is emphasized. The process of development and adoption of separate laws on public-private partnership and their specific features are described. The essence of discussions about the need for creation of a special authorized body for regulation of public-private partnership, which was caused by the problems that arose from public and private partners during the conclusion and implementation of the relevant agreements, was disclosed. The modern components of organizational support for supporting the development of public-private partnership in Poland, their role and their inherent functions are revealed: the Department for Public-Private Partnerships of the Ministry of Investment and Development, similar departments in public administration bodies of different levels, the Public-Private Partnership Platform, Polish Entrepreneurship Development Agency, Institute of Public Private Partnership, private law firms, scientific and educational institutions. The necessity to improve the institutional support of public-private partnership, which is realized by the government of Poland as well, is stated. The content and significance of the latest program documents in this area that are intended to improve the process of administration the development of public-private partnership — the concept «The vision of sustainable development for Polish business 2050» and «Government policy in the field of development of public-private partnership» are characterized. The importance of using the experience of the Republic of Poland in the practice of public administration of the Ukrainian system of public-private partnership is emphasized.

Michael Warner and Communication Studies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Alan Brookey ◽  
Jason Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Communication Studies ◽  
Yale University ◽  
The Public ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
The Republic ◽  
American Nation ◽  
The Way

Michael Warner is the Seymour H. Knox Professor of English and American Studies at Yale University, and his career has followed an interesting trajectory, beginning with the study of print and its importance to the emerging American nation and extending into queer theory and contemporary politics. There is an important line of thought that connects three of Michael Warner’s books: The Letters of the Republic (1990), Publics and Counterpublics (2002), and The Trouble with Normal (1999). In The Letters of the Republic, Warner begins to outline the way in which publics emerge and are discursively produced. In Publics and Counterpublics, he more thoroughly engages both the production of normative publics and the resistant communities of counterpublics, the latter of which he often illustrates with examples drawn from queer communities. Finally, in The Trouble with Normal, Warner challenges the efforts of gay and lesbian rights advocates to accommodate and assimilate to heteronormative standards in an effort to join the public constituted by the dominant heterosexual society. As he notes, these efforts effectively undermine the transformative qualities that queerness can bring to a society in refiguring the way sex and relationships are regarded. In effect, The Trouble with Normal seems to be a queer, counterpublic polemic, one that mirrors (in purpose, if not in content) the emerging revolutionary discourse in 18th-century America. In addition, Warner provides some valuable perspectives on the development of public discourse in American, and makes several observations that pre-date, yet bring into sharp relief, some of the issues and concerns that have been raised about social media.

Minas Gerais

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Libby
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Organization Culture ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Arts ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Mixed Origin

The territory known as Minas Gerais (General Mines), roughly corresponding to the highlands of the southeastern region of present-day Brazil, was designated as a separate captaincy of Portuguese America in 1720, became a province in 1815, retained that status during the empire, and was redesignated as a state after the proclamation of the Republic in 1889—dates that roughly coincide with the limits of the overall period under consideration here (occasionally the region will be referred to as simply Minas and the adjective mineiro will be used as a qualifier). Gold strikes in the final years of the 17th century attracted ever larger waves of settlers from Portugal and other European countries and from other parts of Portuguese America, as well as attendant African slaves. A network of urban areas sprang up to house and service a burgeoning population and concentrated stately public and private buildings with their rich interiors. The slave society that emerged from a complex interdependence of mining, agricultural, craft, and service sectors was often considered unruly by colonial authorities, although current interpretations tend to emphasize the relative stability that marked everyday life in Minas, not least owing to a certain prosperity born of that diversity. While imports of African slaves into Minas were massive—perhaps the largest in all the Americas during most of the 18th century—it was the constant intermixing (mestiçagem) of individuals of diverse origins that most stands out in historical terms. By mid-century Minas boasted the largest population of Portuguese America, including the largest slave force, the highest number of Africans, and, above all, the largest population of mixed origin: slaves, freedpeople, and freeborn. Social organization, culture, the arts, and religious practices reflected those admixtures. By the last quarter of the 18th century, gold yields were in decline, but population growth continued and Minas had the largest provincial population when independence arrived in 1822—a situation that would not change until the second or third decade of the 20th century. Characterized by a sort of bucolic diversity during the 19th century, the region nevertheless remained linked to the Atlantic world through the slave trade and thanks to the emergence of coffee production, as well as through its role as the virtual breadbasket of dynamic southeastern Brazil. As the abolition of slavery loomed larger and larger on the horizon, the basic contours of Minas remained in place, but the glow of a diversified prosperity began to grow dimmer.

French Domestic Architecture in the Early 18th Century: The Town Houses of Robert de Cotte

1980 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-144
Author(s):  
Robert Neuman
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Domestic Architecture ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Town ◽  
House Building ◽  
Very High ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The original drawings and published designs for town houses by Robert de Cotte are examined here in order to clarify a relatively unknown aspect of his activity as one of the dominant figures in French architecture of the early 18th century. The projects, which date from 1710 to 1716, are set against the background of the history of the hôtel, a distinct architectural type that underwent a remarkable period of development in Paris during the first three decades of the century. New light is shed on the architect's attitude toward the urban mansion by a virtually unknown series of designs in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Taken as a group with the executed plans, they demonstrate that de Cotte's ability lay not in the development of new ideas but in synthesis of a very high order-his sources were primarily the works of J. H. Mansart and Lassurance. His designs are distinguished by a consistent interest in giving the corps-de-logis the appearance of a freestanding block. In the elevations, he concentrated on harmonious compositions with suavely detailed motifs, achieving an elegant simplicity entirely his own. The relation of his plans to the functions of an hôtel, as revealed in house-building manuals of the period, shows that de Cotte sought to satisfy both the public and private needs of his clients.

The Serenata in Early 18th––Century Rome: Sight, Sound, Ritual, and the Signification of Meaning

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFANIE TCHAROS
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Special Effect ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dynastic Politics ◽  
Early 18Th Century

ABSTRACT By the turn of the 18th century serenatas performed in Rome's urban squares as political or dynastic propaganda were a well-established ritual. In this public forum the effect of sound produced by large instrumental forces was a central feature, yet the serenata was a complex performance in which music was but one element in a series of other displays. Though undoubtedly an important part of the serenata, music's role in this multifaceted performance and its effect on audiences remain unclear. Part of that ambiguity stems from the serenata's ability to service both public and private consumption. Patrons exploited this dual nature, using the more spectacular elements of the serenata to influence the public at large, while also relying on other elements (primarily word and sound) to sway elite audiences. In the context of Rome and its dynastic politics, Giacomo Buonaccorsi's and Pietro Paolo Bencini's serenata Le gare festive in applauso alla Real Casa di Francia (1704) demonstrates how the serenata's dichotomous structures and multiplicity of meaning were deeply linked to larger cultural frameworks and social tensions——in this case, brewing over the War of Spanish Succession. The serenata was both a musical work and a performed event effectively shaped by the genre's ritual practice and by history and politics in late 17th- and early 18th-century Rome. The logic of the serenata's ritual practice shows significant correspondences to the genre's narrative strategies. Within the serenata, allegory served as the catalyst to express layers of meaning to diverse audiences. But more than that, allegory provided the means by which music was contained and its delivery marked. For public audiences, sound was as much visual as it was aural, an immediate and palpable special effect. For privileged listeners, music required reflection as to how spectacular effects acquired deeper meaning when anchored in the significance of the poetic text. Thus music in the serenata was not merely an element in a multifaceted performance but was multidimensional in itself, uniquely straddling both sides of the public/private divide.

7. Patents

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-123
Author(s):  
Tim Press
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

This chapter discusses patents, which are granted for new and inventive technological developments but not for developments in the creative or non-technological arts. Areas on the borderline between technical and other forms of creativity are the subject of difficulty and controversy. Patents last for 20 years from application, but may be revoked at any time on the grounds that the invention does not meet the requirements for patentability. Manufacturing or dealing in products, or carrying out processes, as described in the patent’s claims, infringes the patent. Unlike copyright, where both economic and individual rights are important, the main reasons for the grant of patents are economic, to encourage technological development. Patents are considered essential to many industries such as the pharmaceutical industry, where there is also a strong public interest in the development and accessibility of technology. The law must strike a balance between the public and private interests.

scholarly journals Dual Boundaries: The Mechanism of Boundary Construction Operating in Interethnic Settings in Georgia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Ana Kirvalidze
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Boundary Construction ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Construction Strategies ◽  
Method Approach

This paper addresses the question of the boundary construction mechanism between different ethnic groups in Georgia. It demonstrates the duality of boundary construction strategies that operate distinctively in the public and private domains of life. By exploring this substantive issue, I utilize relatively new theoretical perspectives in the study of interethnic boundary construction by concentrating on its multilevel operational character. Drawing on rich data sources within a mixed method approach, I provide empirical evidence concerning how ethnic and national codes of identity are negotiated and combined in everyday interethnic settings. The analyses focus on three ethnic groups residing in the Republic of Georgia – Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis.

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