scholarly journals The Ideological Background of Japanese Expansionism, C. 1900

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Harald Kleinschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The Core ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Feature ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Ideological Background ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

Abstract This paper examines the ideologies informing the expansion of Japanese rule at c. 1900. The core feature discussed is the idea of tenka (天下; literally translated: all under heaven), constituting the group of ruled in terms of a universalist indigenat (kokumin 国民), which allowed its expansion beyond the Japanese archipelago at government discretion. The concept of the universalist indigenat, having been tied to the Confucian perception of the world as a well-ordered and change-absorbing entity, conflicted with the European concept of the nation as a particularistically conceived type of group, tied to the perception of the world as a dynamic and largely unruly entity. During the latter third of the nineteenth and the early years of the twentieth century, some Japanese intellectuals came to appreciate the dynamism enshrined in the European perception of the world and worked it into established universalism. The fusion produced a powerful ideology of colonial expansion targeted primarily at East and Southeast Asia as well as the South Pacific. By contrast, European military strategists and political theorists, unaware of the Japanese strategic conceptions, expected that solely Russia formed the target of Japanese military expansion.

scholarly journals Humorism and Characterization in Topan’s Mfalme Juha

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
Emiliano Minerba
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Critical History ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Feature ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Inner Contradictions

This paper discusses the character of King Juha, the protagonist of the comedy Mfalme Juha by Farouk Topan, using an approach that considers the humoristic dimension of this character. The definition of humorism employed here is that given by Pirandello: the result of an aesthetic process in which the comic effect deriving from an object of laughter is tempered and contrasted by a “sentiment of the contrary” that observes and builds empathy with the inner contradictions of the object itself. After a short outline of Mfalme Juha’s critical history which shows that the humoristic dimension of King Juha has never been considered in critiques, this paper focuses on an analysis of this character, in which the core feature of egocentricity is identified. Juha’s egocentricity and its humoristic nature are analysed in the character’s relationship with his subjects as their king and in his idea of art and culture; in both cases it is shown that what is important is not the wickedness or egoism of Juha, but his lack of comprehension of the world. Juha is incapable of understanding his environment and other people, since he can not doubt his own superiority: this puts him in several comic situations, but on the other hand makes him a victim of his smart subjects, so that he arouses a feeling of sympathy in which Pirandello’s sentiment of the contrary can be traced.

Inventing la Môme

Édith Piaf ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
David Looseley
Keyword(s):  
Life Story ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Songs ◽  
Core Meaning

The chapter begins with a brief biography of Piaf’s early years as a singer but focuses primarily on how the Piaf myth—the imagined Piaf that France and the world would come to know--was invented. The process of invention was the work initially of Piaf herself, who fabricated a life story almost from the beginning. But she was soon joined in this task by her first impresario, Raymond Asso, who wrote the lyrics for many of her early songs, and Marguerite Monnot, who composed the music. This team, progressively joined by others, worked together to produce a new iteration of the well-known realist song genre: Piaf’s songs were read through the narratives of the singer’s life, but, at the same time, those narratives were themselves read through the songs. This reciprocal identification between song and life would form the core meaning of Piaf’s stardom.

Japanese Pirates and the East Asian Maritime World, 1200–1600

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Shapinsky
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
Naval Warfare ◽  
Early Modern Japan ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Maritime Networks ◽  
Choson Korea ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

Historians translate a variety of terms from 13th- through 17th-century Japan, China, Korea, and Europe as “Japanese pirates” (e.g., Jp. kaizoku, Kr. waegu, Ch. wokou). These constructs reflected the needs of regimes and travelers dealing with a maritime world over which they had little direct control, and often denoted bands of seafarers who based themselves in maritime regions beyond and between the reach of land-based political centers. Seafarers rarely used the terms to refer to themselves. Japanese pirates opportunistically traded, raided, and transmitted culture in periods when and places where the influence of central governments attenuated. However, some innovated forms of maritime lordship that enabled them to establish dominance over sea-lanes and territories at the heart of the Japanese archipelago. Pirates developed expertise in navigation and naval warfare that helped them acquire patrons, who provided access to networks of diplomacy and trade. In the 16th century, some Japanese pirates forged multiethnic crews that seized control of the maritime networks linking East and Southeast Asia. Labels for Japanese pirates also operated as ethnographical, geographical, and historical symbols. Traumatic assaults by waves of Japanese pirates who massacred and enslaved local populations were indelibly etched into the collective memories of Koryŏ–Chosŏn Korea and Ming–Qing China. By contrast, in early modern Japan the eradication of piracy enabled the state to extend its maritime sovereignty as well as to then commemorate pirates as ethnocentric symbols of Japanese warrior prowess.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s Invasion of the Chosŏn Kingdom, 1592–1598

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam-lin Hur
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
Choson Dynasty ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The World ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Three Phases

In the fourth month of 1592, and at the direction of Toyotomi Hideyoshi—the feudal baron, or daimyo, who unified the Warring States (Sengoku) across the Japanese Archipelago—a massive force invaded the Korean Peninsula, which, at the time, was controlled by the Chosŏn dynasty. The war lasted until late 1598. Initially, the defending Chosŏn armies were helpless, but they managed to frustrate Hideyoshi’s goals before leaders of the Ming dynasty dispatched a large rescue force in the twelfth month of 1592. The Ming, whose empire spanned much of the central and eastern territories of present-day China, were concerned about the security of their borders, but they were also pressured by the Chosŏn to help. There were two intense battles in 1593 (albeit the second did not involve the Ming); however, despite the Chosŏn’s strong opposition, the Ming court and the Hideyoshi regime pursued a negotiated settlement to end the war. These negotiations ended in failure: Hideyoshi ordered his daimyo generals to resume an attack against the Chosŏn in 1597, the Ming court sent reinforcements, and more battles ensued. In the end, none of the belligerents got what they wanted. The war came to an end when Hideyoshi died in the eighth month of 1598. All battles took place in the Chosŏn-controlled Korean Peninsula, and the casualties far exceeded those that occurred anywhere else in the world during the 16th and 17th centuries. Hideyoshi’s invasion of the Chosŏn kingdom went through three phases: (1) invasion, defense, and retreat (4/1592–4/1593); (2) attempted truce negotiations (5/1593–8/1596); and (3) massive resumption of battle and the path to the withdrawal of Hideyoshi’s invading troops (9/1596–11/1598). The aftermath of the war involved the collapse of the Hideyoshi regime and socially transformed the entire region.

scholarly journals A review of Calypogeia (Marchantiophyta) in the eastern Sino-Himalaya and Meta-Himalaya based mostly on types

PhytoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 111-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Bakalin ◽  
Ksenia G. Klimova ◽  
Van Sinh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Oil Bodies ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Eleven Species

The eastern part of the southern macroslope of the Himalayan Range, Hengduan Mountains and the complex of smaller ranges from Hengduan southward to northern Indochina is one of the taxonomic hotspots of Calypogeia in Asia and the world. Two main circumstances hamper the understanding of taxonomic diversity of the genus in this area: the absence of recent and detailed descriptions and identification keys and the necessity of studying fresh material with surviving oil bodies in leaf cells. This study resulted in 1) eleven species confirmed for this vast land, 2) seven more taxa recorded but likely based on identification mistakes and 3) fourteen more taxa that are not yet recorded but may be expected in the area. All these taxa are discussed, and most of them are illustrated and described based on the types; an identification key is provided. The occurrence of North Holarctic taxa is hardly probable in the Sino-Himalaya, whereas new records of taxa known from the southern half of the Japanese Archipelago, Taiwan and southeastern mainland China are possible.

scholarly journals mirada al Japón de principios del siglo XVII a través de los manuscritos de Rodrigo de Vivero y Sebastián Vizcaíno

STUDIUM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Jesús Martínez Roy
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Favourable Situation

Durante la presencia española en el sudeste asiático se mantuvieron contactos con otros países de su entorno. Uno de ellos fue Japón. El archipiélago nipón cambió de dirigente tras la batalla de Sekigahara (1600), estableciéndose tras ella una nueva dinastía que dirigiría al país hasta 1868, la familia Tokugawa. En los primeros años de este gobierno las relaciones con los españoles (y con los extranjeros en general) fueron cambiantes, pasando de una situación favorable a terminar rompiéndose. Es en esos primeros años se hallan Rodrigo de Vivero (1564-1636) y Sebastián Vizcaíno (1547/1548-1627). Ambos personajes se entrevistaron tanto con Ieyasu como con Hidetada Tokuwaga. Vivero estuvo en Japón poco antes de que las relaciones entre ambas potencias se rompiesen; por su parte, Vizcaíno las vivió en primera persona. De sus estancias quedaron sus percepciones del país nipón recogidas en dos Relaciones manuscritas. El objetivo que aquí se persigue es analizar y exponer ordenadamente los datos extraídos de sus manuscritos acerca de las costumbres de los japoneses, su arte, su arquitectura, su estructura social, etc. desde el punto de vista de dos personajes que a diferencia de los misioneros no se involucraron en la sociedad japonesa. Palabras clave: Rodrigo de Vivero, Sebastián Vizcaíno, Japón, Tokugawa, Nueva España, Filipinas.   Abstract During the Spanish presence in Southeaster Asia, contacts were maintained with other neighboring countries. One of them was Japan. The Japanese archipelago changed its leadership after the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), establishing a new dynasty after it that would lead the country until 1868, the Tokugawa family. In the first years of this government relations with the Spanish (and with foreigners in general) were changing, going from a favourable situation to breaking up. It is in those early years that Rodrigo de Vivero (1564-1636) and Sebastián Vizcaíno (1547 / 1548-1627) is found. Both characters interviewed both Ieyasu and Hidetada Tokuwaga. Vivero was in Japan shortly before relations between the two powers were broken; for his part, Vizcaíno lived that in the first person. From his stays remained his perceptions of the Japanese country collected in two manuscript Narrations. The objective pursued here is to analyze and orderly expose the data extracted from his manuscripts about the customs of the Japanese, their art, their architecture, their social structure, etc. from the point of view of two characters who, unlike the missionaries, were not involved in Japanese society. Key words: Rodrigo de Vivero, Sebastián Vizcaíno, Namban, Iberian century, Japan, Tokugawa, New Spain, Philippines.

scholarly journals Making Sense of the Transformation of Religious Practices: A Critical Long-term Perspective from Pre- and Proto-historic Japan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Koji Mizoguchi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Practices ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The World ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

This paper proposes a novel procedural framework for the archaeological study of the long-term transformation of religious practices by heuristically defining the religious in terms of their functional-effective elements. Thus, religious activities constitute a distinct communicative domain that responds to and processes the uncertainties and risks of the world. Drawing on this re-definition, this paper proposes a procedure comprising the following units of investigation: (A) what uncertainties and risks of the world were generated in and differentiated by a certain social formation; (B) how were they responded to and processed; and (C) how is the mode of the responding and processing changed as social formations are transformed? The applicability of this procedure is examined through a case study from the pre- and proto-historic periods of the Japanese archipelago. It is hoped that the framework reintroduces causally explanatory, comparative and long-term perspectives to the archaeological study of religious practices.

scholarly journals Feeding the World in a Time of Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Gary W. van Loon ◽  
Atanu Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Feature ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
The Many ◽  
Global Population

Abstract Maintaining a plentiful and high-quality food supply is essential to enable humans to survive and flourish in the coming decades. In 2019/20, an estimated 2.71 Gt of food grains have been produced worldwide. This fundamental food source is alone enough to supply sufficient nutritional kilocalories for the entire current global population. And nutrition is supplemented by the many other crops, livestock and sea food that are part of the overall food system. Yet, in the same year, it is estimated that around 821 million people, more than one tenth of the 7.6 billion people in the world were chronically hungry. There are many reasons for this. Waste—the FAO estimates that around one third of food produced is wasted—is certainly one, but also important are the inequities in the food production and supply system. While much can and should be done to correct these two critical problems, sustainable agriculture remains as the core feature of a healthy food supply.

scholarly journals READING EUROPEAN UNIVERSAL HISTORIES IN JAPAN, 1790s–1840s

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
DAVID MERVART
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
The West ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The World ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Historical Trajectory

Abstract This article offers a case study in the nature of uses of the European past in East Asia at a time when the search for the knowledge of the West was not yet motivated primarily by any sense of its civilizational, moral, or technological superiority. In the course of the later eighteenth century, as Dutch philological expertise gradually became another available tool – alongside the long-established Sinological erudition – for generating knowledge about the world, commentators around the Japanese archipelago began to turn not only to the medical and astronomical manuals of the occidentals but also to their histories. The translation-cum-commentary Miscellanea from the western seas by Yamamura Saisuke (1801) is a case in point. The text became effectively a crossroads of two philological and historiographical bodies of knowledge that intersected in unexpected ways as the European past was subjected to a reinterpretation in terms of the classical Chinese precedent, while the product of that reinterpretation informed a different understanding of the recent and contemporary historical trajectory of a Japan now exposed to the dynamics of the global European presence.

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