scholarly journals BIODEGRADASI LIMBAH KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) OLEH KAPANG Aspergillus niger DENGAN VARIASI JUMLAH INOKULUM DAN WAKTU INKUBASI

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Alfian Siswanto ◽  
Ida Bagus Gede Darmayasa ◽  
I Ketut Muksin
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Crop waste or cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) processing waste that doesn’t handle with care can polluting the environment around the farm. Rind of cacao can be used for composting, but it can be less effective because the nutrient of fresh cacao rind too complex and the ratio of C/N too high. This research intention to knows the potential of Aspergillus niger to degrade cellulose on waste cacao rind who have high ratio of C/N, with combination inoculum concentration and incubation time. The methods of this research begin with isolation and identification of A. niger from litter of cacao field, then the in vitro test done by CMCA (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose Agar) selective media, and then the cacao rind was testing by in vivo method. The results of this research shown that A. niger can degrade cellulose by in vitro ways, it can be seen by the clear zone that formed on CMCA selective media. The in vivo test on cacao rind shown decreasing of C/N ratio between 18,940%-40,623%. Combination of A3B3 treatment (15 mL inoculum concentration, 28 days incubation time) indicate the lowest C/N ratio 18,940%.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of two potential probiotic lactobacilli isolated from cocoa fermentation (Theobroma cacao L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 184-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Oliveira ◽  
K. Costa ◽  
L.B. Acurcio ◽  
S.H.C. Sandes ◽  
G.D. Cassali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacilli ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Cocoa Fermentation

In Vitro Toxicology Methods in Risk Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331
Author(s):  
Iain F. H. Purchase
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Vitro Test

The title of this paper is challenging, because the question of how in vitro methods and results contribute to human health risk assessment is rarely considered. The process of risk assessment usually begins with hazard assessment, which provides a description of the inherent toxicological properties of the chemical. The next step is to assess the relevance of this to humans, i.e. the human hazard assessment. Finally, information on exposure is examined, and risk can then be assessed. In vitro methods have a limited, but important, role to play in risk assessment. The results can be used for classification and labelling; these are methods of controlling exposure, analogous to risk assessment, but without considering exposure. The Ames Salmonella test is the only in vitro method which is incorporated into regulations and used widely. Data from this test can, at best, lead to classification of a chemical with regard to genotoxicity, but cannot be used for classification and labelling on their own. Several in vitro test systems which assess the topical irritancy and corrosivity of chemicals have been reasonably well validated, and the results from these tests can be used for classification. The future development of in vitro methods is likely to be slow, as it depends on the development of new concepts and ideas. The in vivo methods which currently have reasonably developed in vitro alternatives will be the easiest to replace. The remaining in vivo methods, which provide toxicological information from repeated chronic dosing, with varied endpoints and by mechanisms which are not understood, will be more difficult to replace.

Animal Models and Alternatives in the Quality Control of Vaccines: Are In Vitro Methods or In Vivo Methods the Scientific Equivalent of the Emperor's New Clothes?

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Coenraad Hendriksen ◽  
Johan van der Gun
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Vitro Test

In the quality control of vaccine batches, the potency testing of inactivated vaccines is one of the areas requiring very large numbers of animals, which usually suffer significant distress as a result of the experimental procedures employed. This article deals with the potency testing of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, two vaccines which are used extensively throughout the world. The relevance of the potency test prescribed by the European Pharmacopoeia monographs is questioned. The validity of the potency test as a model for the human response, the ability of the test to be standardised, and the relevance of the test in relation to the quality of the product are discussed. It is concluded that the potency test has only limited predictive value for the antitoxin responses to be expected in recipients of these toxoids. An alternative approach for estimating the potency of toxoid batches is discussed, in which a distinction is made between estimation of the immunogenic potency of the first few batches obtained from a seed lot and monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches. The use of animals is limited to the first few batches. Monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches is based on in vitro test methods. Factors which hamper the introduction and acceptance of the alternative approach are considered. Finally, proposals are made for replacement, reduction and/or refinement (the Three Rs) in the use of animals in the routine potency testing of toxoids.

scholarly journals Berberine-Coated Biomimetic Composite Microspheres for Simultaneously Hemostatic and Antibacterial Performance

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Xiaojian Zhang ◽  
Kaili Dai ◽  
Chenyu Liu ◽  
Haofeng Hu ◽  
Fulin Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Biomedical Material ◽  
Composite Microspheres ◽  
Antibacterial Performance ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion ◽  
Hemostatic Powder

Biomimetic microspheres containing alginate/carboxymethylcellulose/gelatin and coated with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 6% berberine (BACG, BACG-1B, BACG-3B, BACG-6B) were prepared by the oil-in-water emulsion method combined with spray drying. Through a series of physicochemical parameters and determination of hemostatic properties in vitro and in vivo, the results indicated that BACG and BACG-Bs were effective in inducing platelet adhesion/aggregation and promoting the hemostatic potential due to their biomimetic structure and rough surface. In addition, BACG-6B with high berberine proportion presented better hemostatic performance compared with the commercial hemostatic agent compound microporous polysaccharide hemostatic powder (CMPHP). BACG-6B also showed strong antibacterial activity in the in vitro test. The hemolysis test and cytotoxicity evaluation further revealed that the novel composite biomaterials have good hemocompatibility and biocompatibility. Thus, BACG-6B provides a new strategy for developing a due-functional (hemostat/antibacterial) biomedical material, which may have broad and promising applications in the future.

Theobroma cacao L.: an axillary bud in vitro propagation procedure

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Flynn ◽  
Leon J. Glicenstein ◽  
Paul J. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

scholarly journals Impact of gastrointestinal differences in veterinary species on the oral drug solubility, in vivo dissolution, and formulation of veterinary therapeutics

ADMET & DMPK ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn N. Martinez ◽  
Mark G. Papich ◽  
Raafat Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Drug Solubility ◽  
Drug Solubilization ◽  
Species Specific

Many gaps exist in our understanding of species differences in gastrointestinal (GI) fluid composition and the associated impact of food intake and dietary composition on in vivo drug solubilization. This information gap can lead to uncertainties with regard to how best to formulate pharmaceuticals for veterinary use or the in vitro test conditions that will be most predictive of species-specific in vivo oral product performance. To address these challenges, this overview explores species-specific factors that can influence oral drug solubility and the formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome solubility-associated bioavailability difficulties. These discussions are framed around some of the basic principles associated with drug solubilization, reported species differences in GI fluid composition, types of oral dosage forms typically given for the various animal species, and the effect of prandial state in dogs and cats. This basic information is integrated into a question-and-answer section that addresses some of the formulation issues that can arise in the development of veterinary medicinals.

scholarly journals Are Platelet Aggregation Tests the Best Way to Assess New Drugs for Arterial Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Mark I. M. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vivo Efficacy ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Stenosed Artery

Over many years, laboratory testing of platelet aggregability have been carried out in attempts to develop drugs that would prevent thrombosis in arteries. The problems encountered included the question of methodology. Blood samples have to be anticoagulated in order to study the platelets. Anti-coagulation with citrate and tests on derived platelet rich plasma did not correlate at all well with thrombus growth in the stenosed coronary arteries of experimental animals and citrate removes the calcium ions which are vital for platelet function. Anticoagulation with heparin also interfered with platelet function, so that now, hirudins are the preferred anticoagulant. However it was observed that if, instead of stimulating platelet aggregation with adrenaline or ADP, serotonin was applied to the preparation, very little aggregation took place in spite of serotonin 5HT2A antagonists being the most potent inhibitors of thrombus growth in experimental animals. Another indicator that primary platelet agggregation is not a predictor of in vivo efficacy was the finding that 5HT2A antagonism inhibited aggregate growth. In a stenosed artery the platelets are activated by increased shear stress and blood turbulence with release of platelet serotonin causing positive feedback activation of more platelets. At present, there does not seem to be a bench in vitro test that accurately predicts in vivo efficacy in stenosed artery occlusive thrombosis.

scholarly journals Actividad antibacteriana de la cáscara de cacao, Theobroma cacao L

2012 ◽  
pp. 3176-3183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Cuéllar G ◽  
Gloria Guerrero A
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

RESUMENObjetivo. Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de diferentes fracciones de la cáscara de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana mediante el método de difusión en agar de diferentes fracciones de la cáscara de cacao, empleando cepas autóctonas y de referencia ATCC. Posteriormente, se hizo un análisis de estas fracciones por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Resultados. La fracción clorofórmica presentó actividad antibacteriana frente a Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 y Streptococcus agalactiae (autóctona), con porcentajes de inhibición de 34.90% (100 μg/μl) y 52.40% (100 μg/μl) respectivamente. También se evidenció una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 512 μg/ml frente a Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 y de 128 μg/ml frente a Streptococcus agalactiae. Conclusiones. Este trabajo es el primer reporte a saber en Colombia sobre actividad antibacteriana in vitro de la cáscara de cacao, el cual resulta ser un avance importante para esta agroindustria. Esta investigación abre paso a otros estudios relacionados para establecer el espectro de inhibición frente a otros microorganismos.

scholarly journals PENGARUH JAMUR ENDOPITIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao .L) DI POLIBAG

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Hotdiaman Damanik ◽  
Nusyirwan Nusyirwan
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi mikroorganisme jamur endopitik untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan tanaman kakao. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di laboratorium mikrobiologi, fisiologi dan rumah kaca Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED) pada bulan Mei sampai Agustus 2016, menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap non faktorial dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan yaitu M0 (Kontrol), M1 (Trichoderma koningi 100 gram), M2 (Trichoderma koningi 200 garam), M3 (Aspergillus niger 100 gram) dan M4 (Aspergillus niger 200 gram). Dengan menggunakan ANAVA (Analisys Of Variance) hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jamur endopitik berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua parameter. Hasil terbaik untuk pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman adalah Trichoderma koningi 200 garam yaitu 41,06 cm. Untuk diameter batang yang terbaik adalah Trichoderma koningi 100 gram yaitu 0,83 mm. Hasil terbaik untuk jumlah daun adalah Aspergillus niger 200 garam yaitu 14,333 helai. Selain berpotensi untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan tanaman kakao, juga berpotensi sebagai pupuk biologis dan sebagai pengendali hayati untuk tanaman. Kata kunci : Theobroma cacao L., mikroorganisme endopitik, pupuk biologis dan pengendalian hayati.

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