AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LEACHED APPLE ORCHARD CHERNOZEM COMPARED TO THE NATURAL ANALOG OF THE LIPETSK REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
V.L. Zakharov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
High Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Natural Analog ◽  
Agrochemical Properties ◽  
Changes In Soil Properties

The article is devoted to the study of changes in soil properties in Apple orchards. During the operation of Apple orchards, 2 zones are formed in the soil – trunk strips and row spacing. In the row spacing in the 10-40 cm layer, due to the high density of the soil, Apple roots do not consume nutrients, and in the same layer in the trunk strips, acidification and removal of phosphorus, potassium, humus and bases occur. The nitrification capacity of the soil in the trunk strips of the old Apple orchard is at the level of virgin areas and increases as the soil decompresses.

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Pneumatic Solid Set Canopy Delivery System for High-Density Apple Orchards

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev Sinha ◽  
Rakesh Ranjan ◽  
Haitham Y. Bahlol ◽  
Lav R. Khot ◽  
Gwen-Alyn Hoheisel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
High Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. Solid set canopy delivery systems (SSCDS) are fixed spray systems that consist of a network of permanently plumbed emitters in high-density tree-fruit orchard canopies. Most of the previously configured SSCDS worked on the principle of hydraulic spray delivery (HSD), which may not be suitable for large-scale installation due to the drop in operating pressure caused by frictional losses in the spray lines. Therefore, a pneumatic spray delivery (PSD) based SSCDS was developed in this study for potentially achieving uniform spray application at all locations along the spray lines. A reservoir subsystem was developed to contain a precisely metered amount of spray liquid. Once filled, compressed air pushed through the spray lines can pressurize the reservoir to help deliver uniform spray into the canopy through emitters. In this study, HSD and PSD systems of 91 m set length were installed in a high-density apple orchard. Both systems were evaluated for variations in operating pressure, spray output, and spray performance. Spray performance was quantified during the middle (BBCH 75) and late (BBCH 85) apple (cv. WA-38 on tall spindle architecture) crop growth stages. Deposition and coverage in three canopy zones and on both sides of leaves were evaluated using Mylar cards and water-sensitive papers (WSP) as samplers, respectively. The Mylar cards and WSP were respectively analyzed using fluorometry and image processing. Statistically similar operating pressure (p > 0.05) was observed for the HSD and PSD systems at 3 m (286.1 and 284.1 kPa, respectively), 33 m (268.4 and 270.5 kPa), 60 m (260.6 and 268.9 kPa), and 87 m (255.3 and 257.9 kPa) from the row inlet. Despite the operating pressure drop, the PSD system had uniform spray output along the 91 m spray line. Compared to the HSD system, about 4%, 3%, 5%, and 20% higher spray output was delivered with the PSD system at 3, 33, 60, and 87 m, respectively, along the spray line. Overall, the PSD system had significantly higher mean spray deposition (p < 0.01) compared to the HSD system during the middle (521 and 382 ng cm-2, respectively) and late (631 and 409 ng cm-2, respectively) growth stages. The PSD system also had numerically higher spray deposition compared to the HSD system for all the canopy zones and on either side of leaf surfaces. Spray coverage trends were similar to deposition; however, the differences were not significant. Overall, the PSD-based SSCDS shows potential for large-scale installation, with additional refinements, for uniform spray applications in high-density apple orchards. Keywords: Hydraulic spray delivery, Pneumatic spray delivery, Solid set canopy delivery system, Spray coverage, Spray deposition.

scholarly journals Investigation of Effective Irrigation Strategies for High-Density Apple Orchards in Pennsylvania

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 732
Author(s):  
Xiaohu Jiang ◽  
Long He
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
High Density ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Conventional Methods

Irrigation helps grow agricultural crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Proper irrigation could improve both crop productivity and produce quality. For high density apple orchards, water relations are even more important. Most irrigation in tree fruit orchards is applied based on grower’s experience or simple observations, which may lead to over- or under-irrigation. To investigate an effective irrigation strategy in high-density apple orchard, three irrigation methods were tested including soil moisture-based, evapotranspiration (ET)-based and conventional methods. In soil moisture-based irrigation, soil water content and soil water potential sensors were measured side by side. In ET-based irrigation, daily ET (ETc) and accumulated water deficit were calculated. Conventional method was based on the experience of the operator. The experiment was conducted from early June through middle of October (one growing season). Lastly, water consumption, fruit yield and fruit quality were analyzed for these irrigation strategies. Results indicated that the soil moisture-based irrigation used least water, with 10.8% and 4.8% less than ET-based and conventional methods, respectively. The yield from the rows with the soil moisture-based irrigation was slightly higher than the other two, while the fruit quality was similar. The outcome from this study proved the effectiveness of using soil moisture sensors for irrigation scheduling and could be an important step for future automatic irrigation system.

scholarly journals Long-range Yield of High-density Apple Orchard on Seedling Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 665d-665
Author(s):  
A.S. Devyatov
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
High Density ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Space Requirement ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Productive Time

Apple orchard was planted in 1963 with treatments of 8, 6, or 4 m between rows and 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2 m between trees in the row. Pruning of trees corresponded to the space requirement imposed by each treatment. Spherical canopy seldom formed in treatments of 8 × 2,3,4, or 5 m and the size of canopy was equal to the distance between trees. In treatment of row spacing 6 or 4 m the size of the canopy across the row was 3 or 2 m, respectively, with the length of the canopy equal to the distance between the trees. Tree height was 3 m in all treatments. The cultivar was `Antonovka' on Malus sylvestris rootstock. There were four replications. Fruiting in all treatments begun at the age of 8 years. During the 25 years of productive time of the orchard, there were 7 years without fruit. During the 33 years of orchard operations fruit yield was in treatments (in t·ha–1) 8 × 8 = 301, 8 × 4 = 417, 6 × 3 = 508, 4 × 3 = 612. Yield efficiency, based on crosssection of trunks in 1995 did not depend on orchard density or orchard design.

AVAILABLE WAYS TO OPTIMIZE SOIL PROPERTIES IN APPLE ORCHARDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
V.L. Zakharov ◽  
◽  
G.N. Pugachev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Apple Orchards

scholarly journals The Effect of Weed Competition on Apple Fruit Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ersin ATAY ◽  
Seckin GARGIN ◽  
Ahmet ESITKEN ◽  
N. Pinar GUZEL ◽  
A. Nilgun ATAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
High Density ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Orchard performance is influenced by weed competition. In this study, the effects of weed competition on nutrient contents, chemical and physical fruit quality properties were sought. The study was carried out in a high-density apple orchard (‘Golden Delicious’/M.9) over two consecutive growing seasons. The effect of weed competition was studied at three different levels: weak, moderate and strong. Fruit firmness, soluble solids content, macronutrients (such as nitrogen, potassium and calcium) and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio in fruit were significantly affected by weed competition. Strong weed competition negatively affected soluble solids content and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio. In both trial years, soluble solids content was significantly higher in weak weed competition. In the first year of the study, soluble solids content ranged between 13.77±0.06% (strong weed competition) and 15.20±0.10% (weak weed competition). In the following year, soluble solids content values were determined as 13.13±0.23% in strong weed competition and 13.83±0.21% in weak weed competition. Weak weed competition showed superiority for fruit weight and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio. As a whole, this study indicates that insufficient weed control in tree rows might be a limiting factor for fruit quality in high-density apple orchards.

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