scholarly journals Towards Understanding Deep Learning from Noisy Labels with Small-Loss Criterion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Jin Gui ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Zhang-Hao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Real World ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Small Loss ◽  
The Past ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Noisy Labels

Deep neural networks need large amounts of labeled data to achieve good performance. In real-world applications, labels are usually collected from non-experts such as crowdsourcing to save cost and thus are noisy. In the past few years, deep learning methods for dealing with noisy labels have been developed, many of which are based on the small-loss criterion. However, there are few theoretical analyses to explain why these methods could learn well from noisy labels. In this paper, we theoretically explain why the widely-used small-loss criterion works. Based on the explanation, we reformalize the vanilla small-loss criterion to better tackle noisy labels. The experimental results verify our theoretical explanation and also demonstrate the effectiveness of the reformalization.

scholarly journals Hardware-friendly Deep Learning by Network Quantization and Binarization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haotong Qin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Real World ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Efficient Approach ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Complex Scenes ◽  
Flexible Hardware ◽  
Real World Applications

Quantization is emerging as an efficient approach to promote hardware-friendly deep learning and run deep neural networks on resource-limited hardware. However, it still causes a significant decrease to the network in accuracy. We summarize challenges of quantization into two categories: Quantization for Diverse Architectures and Quantization on Complex Scenes. Our studies focus mainly on applying quantization on various architectures and scenes and pushing the limit of quantization to extremely compress and accelerate networks. The comprehensive research on quantization will achieve more powerful, more efficient, and more flexible hardware-friendly deep learning, and make it better suited to more real-world applications.

scholarly journals INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

2014 ◽  
pp. 8-20
Author(s):  
Kurosh Madani
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Nonlinear Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Ann Models ◽  
Artificial Neural

In a large number of real world dilemmas and related applications the modeling of complex behavior is the central point. Over the past decades, new approaches based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been proposed to solve problems related to optimization, modeling, decision making, classification, data mining or nonlinear functions (behavior) approximation. Inspired from biological nervous systems and brain structure, Artificial Neural Networks could be seen as information processing systems, which allow elaboration of many original techniques covering a large field of applications. Among their most appealing properties, one can quote their learning and generalization capabilities. The main goal of this paper is to present, through some of main ANN models and based techniques, their real application capability in real world industrial dilemmas. Several examples through industrial and real world applications have been presented and discussed.

Chapter 15. Human-Centered Concept Explanations for Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Kuan Yeh ◽  
Been Kim ◽  
Pradeep Ravikumar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Real World ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
The Right ◽  
Concept Activation ◽  
Machine Learning Models

Understanding complex machine learning models such as deep neural networks with explanations is crucial in various applications. Many explanations stem from the model perspective, and may not necessarily effectively communicate why the model is making its predictions at the right level of abstraction. For example, providing importance weights to individual pixels in an image can only express which parts of that particular image is important to the model, but humans may prefer an explanation which explains the prediction by concept-based thinking. In this work, we review the emerging area of concept based explanations. We start by introducing concept explanations including the class of Concept Activation Vectors (CAV) which characterize concepts using vectors in appropriate spaces of neural activations, and discuss different properties of useful concepts, and approaches to measure the usefulness of concept vectors. We then discuss approaches to automatically extract concepts, and approaches to address some of their caveats. Finally, we discuss some case studies that showcase the utility of such concept-based explanations in synthetic settings and real world applications.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Optimization Algorithms for Deep Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (13) ◽  
pp. 2052013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya Soydaner
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Optimization Algorithms ◽  
Gradient Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Basic Optimization ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Image Datasets

In recent years, we have witnessed the rise of deep learning. Deep neural networks have proved their success in many areas. However, the optimization of these networks has become more difficult as neural networks going deeper and datasets becoming bigger. Therefore, more advanced optimization algorithms have been proposed over the past years. In this study, widely used optimization algorithms for deep learning are examined in detail. To this end, these algorithms called adaptive gradient methods are implemented for both supervised and unsupervised tasks. The behavior of the algorithms during training and results on four image datasets, namely, MNIST, CIFAR-10, Kaggle Flowers and Labeled Faces in the Wild are compared by pointing out their differences against basic optimization algorithms.

scholarly journals Transfer Learning and Deep Domain Adaptation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Xu ◽  
Jing He ◽  
Yanfeng Shu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Real World ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Sample Reconstruction

Transfer learning is an emerging technique in machine learning, by which we can solve a new task with the knowledge obtained from an old task in order to address the lack of labeled data. In particular deep domain adaptation (a branch of transfer learning) gets the most attention in recently published articles. The intuition behind this is that deep neural networks usually have a large capacity to learn representation from one dataset and part of the information can be further used for a new task. In this research, we firstly present the complete scenarios of transfer learning according to the domains and tasks. Secondly, we conduct a comprehensive survey related to deep domain adaptation and categorize the recent advances into three types based on implementing approaches: fine-tuning networks, adversarial domain adaptation, and sample-reconstruction approaches. Thirdly, we discuss the details of these methods and introduce some typical real-world applications. Finally, we conclude our work and explore some potential issues to be further addressed.

scholarly journals Really natural adversarial examples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anibal Pedraza ◽  
Oscar Deniz ◽  
Gloria Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Real World ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Distance Metrics ◽  
The Real ◽  
Adversarial Examples ◽  
General Object

AbstractThe phenomenon of Adversarial Examples has become one of the most intriguing topics associated to deep learning. The so-called adversarial attacks have the ability to fool deep neural networks with inappreciable perturbations. While the effect is striking, it has been suggested that such carefully selected injected noise does not necessarily appear in real-world scenarios. In contrast to this, some authors have looked for ways to generate adversarial noise in physical scenarios (traffic signs, shirts, etc.), thus showing that attackers can indeed fool the networks. In this paper we go beyond that and show that adversarial examples also appear in the real-world without any attacker or maliciously selected noise involved. We show this by using images from tasks related to microscopy and also general object recognition with the well-known ImageNet dataset. A comparison between these natural and the artificially generated adversarial examples is performed using distance metrics and image quality metrics. We also show that the natural adversarial examples are in fact at a higher distance from the originals that in the case of artificially generated adversarial examples.

scholarly journals Fit without fear: remarkable mathematical phenomena of deep learning through the prism of interpolation

Acta Numerica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 203-248
Author(s):  
Mikhail Belkin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Noisy Data ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Modern Machine

In the past decade the mathematical theory of machine learning has lagged far behind the triumphs of deep neural networks on practical challenges. However, the gap between theory and practice is gradually starting to close. In this paper I will attempt to assemble some pieces of the remarkable and still incomplete mathematical mosaic emerging from the efforts to understand the foundations of deep learning. The two key themes will be interpolation and its sibling over-parametrization. Interpolation corresponds to fitting data, even noisy data, exactly. Over-parametrization enables interpolation and provides flexibility to select a suitable interpolating model.As we will see, just as a physical prism separates colours mixed within a ray of light, the figurative prism of interpolation helps to disentangle generalization and optimization properties within the complex picture of modern machine learning. This article is written in the belief and hope that clearer understanding of these issues will bring us a step closer towards a general theory of deep learning and machine learning.

scholarly journals Fastened CROWN: Tightened Neural Network Robustness Certificates

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 5037-5044
Author(s):  
Zhaoyang Lyu ◽  
Ching-Yun Ko ◽  
Zhifeng Kong ◽  
Ngai Wong ◽  
Dahua Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Linear Programming ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Convex Relaxation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Network Robustness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Computationally Expensive

The rapid growth of deep learning applications in real life is accompanied by severe safety concerns. To mitigate this uneasy phenomenon, much research has been done providing reliable evaluations of the fragility level in different deep neural networks. Apart from devising adversarial attacks, quantifiers that certify safeguarded regions have also been designed in the past five years. The summarizing work in (Salman et al. 2019) unifies a family of existing verifiers under a convex relaxation framework. We draw inspiration from such work and further demonstrate the optimality of deterministic CROWN (Zhang et al. 2018) solutions in a given linear programming problem under mild constraints. Given this theoretical result, the computationally expensive linear programming based method is shown to be unnecessary. We then propose an optimization-based approach FROWN (Fastened CROWN): a general algorithm to tighten robustness certificates for neural networks. Extensive experiments on various networks trained individually verify the effectiveness of FROWN in safeguarding larger robust regions.

scholarly journals Automatic Detection of Arrhythmia Based on Multi-Resolution Representation of ECG Signal

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1579
Author(s):  
Dongqi Wang ◽  
Qinghua Meng ◽  
Dongming Chen ◽  
Hupo Zhang ◽  
Lisheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Automatic Detection ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Arrhythmia Detection ◽  
Automatic Feature Extraction

Automatic detection of arrhythmia is of great significance for early prevention and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. Traditional feature engineering methods based on expert knowledge lack multidimensional and multi-view information abstraction and data representation ability, so the traditional research on pattern recognition of arrhythmia detection cannot achieve satisfactory results. Recently, with the increase of deep learning technology, automatic feature extraction of ECG data based on deep neural networks has been widely discussed. In order to utilize the complementary strength between different schemes, in this paper, we propose an arrhythmia detection method based on the multi-resolution representation (MRR) of ECG signals. This method utilizes four different up to date deep neural networks as four channel models for ECG vector representations learning. The deep learning based representations, together with hand-crafted features of ECG, forms the MRR, which is the input of the downstream classification strategy. The experimental results of big ECG dataset multi-label classification confirm that the F1 score of the proposed method is 0.9238, which is 1.31%, 0.62%, 1.18% and 0.6% higher than that of each channel model. From the perspective of architecture, this proposed method is highly scalable and can be employed as an example for arrhythmia recognition.

scholarly journals Enabling deeper learning on big data for materials informatics applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipendra Jha ◽  
Vishu Gupta ◽  
Logan Ward ◽  
Zijiang Yang ◽  
Christopher Wolverton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Materials Informatics ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Significant Attention

AbstractThe application of machine learning (ML) techniques in materials science has attracted significant attention in recent years, due to their impressive ability to efficiently extract data-driven linkages from various input materials representations to their output properties. While the application of traditional ML techniques has become quite ubiquitous, there have been limited applications of more advanced deep learning (DL) techniques, primarily because big materials datasets are relatively rare. Given the demonstrated potential and advantages of DL and the increasing availability of big materials datasets, it is attractive to go for deeper neural networks in a bid to boost model performance, but in reality, it leads to performance degradation due to the vanishing gradient problem. In this paper, we address the question of how to enable deeper learning for cases where big materials data is available. Here, we present a general deep learning framework based on Individual Residual learning (IRNet) composed of very deep neural networks that can work with any vector-based materials representation as input to build accurate property prediction models. We find that the proposed IRNet models can not only successfully alleviate the vanishing gradient problem and enable deeper learning, but also lead to significantly (up to 47%) better model accuracy as compared to plain deep neural networks and traditional ML techniques for a given input materials representation in the presence of big data.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document