scholarly journals Continual Lifelong Learning for Intelligent Agents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada Sokar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Real World Applications

Deep neural networks have achieved outstanding performance in many machine learning tasks. However, this remarkable success is achieved in a closed and static environment where the model is trained using large training data of a single task and deployed for testing on data with a similar distribution. Once the model is deployed, it becomes fixed and inflexible to new knowledge. This contradicts real-world applications, in which agents interact with open and dynamic environments and deal with non-stationary data. This Ph.D. research aims to propose efficient approaches that can develop intelligent agents capable of accumulating new knowledge and adapting to new environments without forgetting the previously learned ones.

scholarly journals Representing Deep Neural Networks Latent Space Geometries with Graphs

Algorithms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Carlos Lassance ◽  
Vincent Gripon ◽  
Antonio Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Core ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Latent Space

Deep Learning (DL) has attracted a lot of attention for its ability to reach state-of-the-art performance in many machine learning tasks. The core principle of DL methods consists of training composite architectures in an end-to-end fashion, where inputs are associated with outputs trained to optimize an objective function. Because of their compositional nature, DL architectures naturally exhibit several intermediate representations of the inputs, which belong to so-called latent spaces. When treated individually, these intermediate representations are most of the time unconstrained during the learning process, as it is unclear which properties should be favored. However, when processing a batch of inputs concurrently, the corresponding set of intermediate representations exhibit relations (what we call a geometry) on which desired properties can be sought. In this work, we show that it is possible to introduce constraints on these latent geometries to address various problems. In more detail, we propose to represent geometries by constructing similarity graphs from the intermediate representations obtained when processing a batch of inputs. By constraining these Latent Geometry Graphs (LGGs), we address the three following problems: (i) reproducing the behavior of a teacher architecture is achieved by mimicking its geometry, (ii) designing efficient embeddings for classification is achieved by targeting specific geometries, and (iii) robustness to deviations on inputs is achieved via enforcing smooth variation of geometry between consecutive latent spaces. Using standard vision benchmarks, we demonstrate the ability of the proposed geometry-based methods in solving the considered problems.

Chapter 15. Human-Centered Concept Explanations for Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Kuan Yeh ◽  
Been Kim ◽  
Pradeep Ravikumar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Real World ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
The Right ◽  
Concept Activation ◽  
Machine Learning Models

Understanding complex machine learning models such as deep neural networks with explanations is crucial in various applications. Many explanations stem from the model perspective, and may not necessarily effectively communicate why the model is making its predictions at the right level of abstraction. For example, providing importance weights to individual pixels in an image can only express which parts of that particular image is important to the model, but humans may prefer an explanation which explains the prediction by concept-based thinking. In this work, we review the emerging area of concept based explanations. We start by introducing concept explanations including the class of Concept Activation Vectors (CAV) which characterize concepts using vectors in appropriate spaces of neural activations, and discuss different properties of useful concepts, and approaches to measure the usefulness of concept vectors. We then discuss approaches to automatically extract concepts, and approaches to address some of their caveats. Finally, we discuss some case studies that showcase the utility of such concept-based explanations in synthetic settings and real world applications.

scholarly journals Transfer Learning and Deep Domain Adaptation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Xu ◽  
Jing He ◽  
Yanfeng Shu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Real World ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Sample Reconstruction

Transfer learning is an emerging technique in machine learning, by which we can solve a new task with the knowledge obtained from an old task in order to address the lack of labeled data. In particular deep domain adaptation (a branch of transfer learning) gets the most attention in recently published articles. The intuition behind this is that deep neural networks usually have a large capacity to learn representation from one dataset and part of the information can be further used for a new task. In this research, we firstly present the complete scenarios of transfer learning according to the domains and tasks. Secondly, we conduct a comprehensive survey related to deep domain adaptation and categorize the recent advances into three types based on implementing approaches: fine-tuning networks, adversarial domain adaptation, and sample-reconstruction approaches. Thirdly, we discuss the details of these methods and introduce some typical real-world applications. Finally, we conclude our work and explore some potential issues to be further addressed.

scholarly journals Applying Deep Neural Networks and Ensemble Machine Learning Methods to Forecast Airborne Ambrosia Pollen

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebreab K. Zewdie ◽  
David J. Lary ◽  
Estelle Levetin ◽  
Gemechu F. Garuma
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Ambrosia Pollen ◽  
Extreme Gradient Boosting

Allergies to airborne pollen are a significant issue affecting millions of Americans. Consequently, accurately predicting the daily concentration of airborne pollen is of significant public benefit in providing timely alerts. This study presents a method for the robust estimation of the concentration of airborne Ambrosia pollen using a suite of machine learning approaches including deep learning and ensemble learners. Each of these machine learning approaches utilize data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric weather and land surface reanalysis. The machine learning approaches used for developing a suite of empirical models are deep neural networks, extreme gradient boosting, random forests and Bayesian ridge regression methods for developing our predictive model. The training data included twenty-four years of daily pollen concentration measurements together with ECMWF weather and land surface reanalysis data from 1987 to 2011 is used to develop the machine learning predictive models. The last six years of the dataset from 2012 to 2017 is used to independently test the performance of the machine learning models. The correlation coefficients between the estimated and actual pollen abundance for the independent validation datasets for the deep neural networks, random forest, extreme gradient boosting and Bayesian ridge were 0.82, 0.81, 0.81 and 0.75 respectively, showing that machine learning can be used to effectively forecast the concentrations of airborne pollen.

Bridging Finite Element and Machine Learning Modeling: Stress Prediction of Arterial Walls in Atherosclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Madani ◽  
Ahmed Bakhaty ◽  
Jiwon Kim ◽  
Yara Mubarak ◽  
Mohammad R. K. Mofrad
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Plaque Rupture ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Von Mises

Finite element and machine learning modeling are two predictive paradigms that have rarely been bridged. In this study, we develop a parametric model to generate arterial geometries and accumulate a database of 12,172 2D finite element simulations modeling the hyperelastic behavior and resulting stress distribution. The arterial wall composition mimics vessels in atherosclerosis–a complex cardiovascular disease and one of the leading causes of death globally. We formulate the training data to predict the maximum von Mises stress, which could indicate risk of plaque rupture. Trained deep learning models are able to accurately predict the max von Mises stress within 9.86% error on a held-out test set. The deep neural networks outperform alternative prediction models and performance scales with amount of training data. Lastly, we examine the importance of contributing features on stress value and location prediction to gain intuitions on the underlying process. Moreover, deep neural networks can capture the functional mapping described by the finite element method, which has far-reaching implications for real-time and multiscale prediction tasks in biomechanics.

scholarly journals A Survey on Evolutionary Machine Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harith Al-Sahaf ◽  
Ying Bi ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
Andrew Lensen ◽  
Yi Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Evolutionary Computation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
Emerging Topics

© 2019, © 2019 The Royal Society of New Zealand. Artificial intelligence (AI) emphasises the creation of intelligent machines/systems that function like humans. AI has been applied to many real-world applications. Machine learning is a branch of AI based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify hidden patterns, and make decisions with little/minimal human intervention. Evolutionary computation is an umbrella of population-based intelligent/learning algorithms inspired by nature, where New Zealand has a good international reputation. This paper provides a review on evolutionary machine learning, i.e. evolutionary computation techniques for major machine learning tasks such as classification, regression and clustering, and emerging topics including combinatorial optimisation, computer vision, deep learning, transfer learning, and ensemble learning. The paper also provides a brief review of evolutionary learning applications, such as supply chain and manufacturing for milk/dairy, wine and seafood industries, which are important to New Zealand. Finally, the paper presents current issues with future perspectives in evolutionary machine learning.

scholarly journals A Survey on Evolutionary Machine Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harith Al-Sahaf ◽  
Ying Bi ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
Andrew Lensen ◽  
Yi Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Evolutionary Computation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
Emerging Topics

© 2019, © 2019 The Royal Society of New Zealand. Artificial intelligence (AI) emphasises the creation of intelligent machines/systems that function like humans. AI has been applied to many real-world applications. Machine learning is a branch of AI based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify hidden patterns, and make decisions with little/minimal human intervention. Evolutionary computation is an umbrella of population-based intelligent/learning algorithms inspired by nature, where New Zealand has a good international reputation. This paper provides a review on evolutionary machine learning, i.e. evolutionary computation techniques for major machine learning tasks such as classification, regression and clustering, and emerging topics including combinatorial optimisation, computer vision, deep learning, transfer learning, and ensemble learning. The paper also provides a brief review of evolutionary learning applications, such as supply chain and manufacturing for milk/dairy, wine and seafood industries, which are important to New Zealand. Finally, the paper presents current issues with future perspectives in evolutionary machine learning.

scholarly journals A Survey on Evolutionary Machine Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harith Al-Sahaf ◽  
Ying Bi ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
Andrew Lensen ◽  
Yi Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Evolutionary Computation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
Emerging Topics

© 2019, © 2019 The Royal Society of New Zealand. Artificial intelligence (AI) emphasises the creation of intelligent machines/systems that function like humans. AI has been applied to many real-world applications. Machine learning is a branch of AI based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify hidden patterns, and make decisions with little/minimal human intervention. Evolutionary computation is an umbrella of population-based intelligent/learning algorithms inspired by nature, where New Zealand has a good international reputation. This paper provides a review on evolutionary machine learning, i.e. evolutionary computation techniques for major machine learning tasks such as classification, regression and clustering, and emerging topics including combinatorial optimisation, computer vision, deep learning, transfer learning, and ensemble learning. The paper also provides a brief review of evolutionary learning applications, such as supply chain and manufacturing for milk/dairy, wine and seafood industries, which are important to New Zealand. Finally, the paper presents current issues with future perspectives in evolutionary machine learning.

scholarly journals Domain Adaptation and Transfer Learning in StochasticNets

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Shafiee ◽  
Parthipan Siva ◽  
Paul Fieguth ◽  
Alexander Wong
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Learning Research ◽  
Sparse Connectivity

<p>Transfer learning is a recent field of machine learning research that<br />aims to resolve the challenge of dealing with insufficient training<br />data in the domain of interest. This is a particular issue with traditional<br />deep neural networks where a large amount of training<br />data is needed. Recently, StochasticNets was proposed to take<br />advantage of sparse connectivity in order to decrease the number<br />of parameters that needs to be learned, which in turn may relax<br />training data size requirements. In this paper, we study the efficacy<br />of transfer learning on StochasticNet frameworks. Experimental results<br />show 7% improvement on StochasticNet performance when<br />the transfer learning is applied in training step.</p>

scholarly journals On the Learnability of Knowledge in Multi-Agent Logics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionela G Mocanu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Learning To Reason

Since knowledge engineering is an inherently challenging and somewhat unbounded task, machine learning has been widely proposed as an alternative. In real world scenarios, we often need to explicitly model multiple agents, where intelligent agents act towards achieving goals either by coordinating with the other agents or by overseeing the opponents moves, if in a competitive context. We consider the knowledge acquisition problem where agents have knowledge about the world and other agents and then acquire new knowledge (both about the world as well as other agents) in service of answering queries. We propose a model of implicit learning, or more generally, learning to reason, which bypasses the intractable step of producing an explicit representation of the learned knowledge. We show that polynomial-time learnability results can be obtained when limited to knowledge bases and observations consisting of conjunctions of modal literals.

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