scholarly journals Use of Topical Analgesic and Rolling Alone or in Combination Does Not Increase Flexibility, Pain Pressure Threshold, and Fatigue Endurance—A Repeated-Measures Randomized, Within-Subjects, Exploratory Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Behm ◽  
Colin Duffett ◽  
Shawn Wiseman ◽  
Israel Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Pain Pressure Threshold ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Fatigue Endurance ◽  
Topical Analgesic

scholarly journals Effects of Massage as a Combination Therapy with Lumbopelvic Stability Exercises as Compared to Standard Massage Therapy in Low Back Pain: a Randomized Cross-Over Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard H. Joseph, PhD ◽  
Benjamaporn Hancharoenkul, MSc, PT ◽  
Patraporn Sitilertpisan, PhD ◽  
Ubon Pirunsan, PhD ◽  
Aatit Paungmali, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Weight Lifting ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Pain Pressure Threshold ◽  
Clinical Benefits

Background: Little is known about the effects of providing massage as a combination therapy (CT) with lumbopelvic stability training (LPST) in management of chronic nonspecific low back pain (CLBP) among elite female weight lifters. It is unclear whether massage therapy (MT) together with LPST has any additional clinical benefits for individuals with CLBP.Purpose: The current study compares the thera-peutic effects of CT against MT as a stand-alone intervention on pain intensity (PI), pain pressure threshold (PPT), tissue blood flow (TBF), and lumbopelvic stability (LPS) among elite weight lifters with CLBP.Setting: The study was conducted at the campus for National Olympic weight lifting training camp.Participants: A total of 16 professional female elite weight lifting athletes who were training for Olympic weight lifting competition participated in the study.Research Design: A within-subject, repeated measures, crossover, single-blinded, randomized allocation study.Intervention: The athletes were randomized into three sessions of CT and MT with a time interval of 24 hrs within sessions and a wash out period of four weeks between the sessions.Main Outcome Measures: The PI, PPT, TBF, and LPS were measured before and after each session repeatedly in both groups of intervention. The changes in the PI, PPT, TBF, and LPS were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of vari-ance (ANOVA).Results: The results showed that the CT signifi-cantly demonstrated greater effects in reducing pain perception (45%–51%), improving pain pressure threshold (15% up to 25%), and increas-ing tissue blood flow (131%–152%) than MT (p < .001).Conclusion: The combination therapy of mas-sage therapy and LPST is likely to provide more clinical benefits in terms of PI, PPT, and TBF when compared to massage as a stand-alone therapy among individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain.

Effects of Interferential Therapy Parameter Combinations Upon Experimentally Induced Pain in Pain-Free Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 911-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrto D. Dounavi ◽  
Linda S. Chesterton ◽  
Julius Sim
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Pressure Pain Threshold ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Pain Pressure Threshold ◽  
Pressure Algometer ◽  
Interferential Therapy ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Background Little evidence exists regarding parameter selection for hypoalgesia using interferential therapy (IFT). Objective This study investigated segmental and extrasegmental hypoalgesic effects of different IFT parameter combinations upon experimentally induced pressure pain threshold (PPT) in pain-free volunteers. Design The participants were randomly assigned to 6 groups: control, placebo, bipolar constant amplitude modulation frequency (AMF), bipolar sweep AMF, quadripolar constant AMF, and quadripolar sweep AMF. Setting The study was conducted in a university laboratory. Participants One hundred eighty adults who were healthy and pain-free participated in the study. Intervention Interferential therapy was delivered to all groups at high, to-tolerance intensity and at high AMF. Stimulation to the dominant forearm was delivered for 30 minutes, with monitoring for a further 30 minutes. Measurements Pain pressure threshold was measured at the area of first dorsal interosseous muscle of the dominant and nondominant hands (segmental measurements) and over the tibialis anterior muscle (extrasegmental measurement) at baseline and at 10-minute intervals using a pressure algometer. Square root transformed PPT data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results There was a significant change in PPT over time, but no significant between-subjects difference in segmental or extrasegmental PPT between any of the IFT groups and the placebo or control group. Thus, IFT delivered in any of these parameter combinations did not significantly affect the PPT of pain-free participants compared with the control or placebo group. Limitations Success of blinding was not evaluated. Conclusions This study showed that IFT delivered at high, to-tolerance intensity and high AMF does not produce significant segmental and extrasegmental hypoalgesic effects on PPT in participants who were healthy compared with a control or placebo group. Further research is warranted to investigate the hypoalgesic effect of different IFT parameter combinations and to explain its possible mechanism of action.

Menthol-Based Topical Analgesic Induces Similar Upper and Lower Body Pain Pressure Threshold Values: A Randomized Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
David G. Behm ◽  
Nehara Herat ◽  
Gerard M.J. Power ◽  
Joseph A. Brosky ◽  
Phil Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Erector Spinae ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Pain Pressure Threshold ◽  
Topical Analgesics ◽  
Topical Analgesic

Context: Both health professionals and consumers use menthol-based topical analgesics extensively for the temporary relief of pain from musculoskeletal ailments or injury. However, there are no reports of differences in the pain pressure threshold (PPT) or the relative effectiveness of topical analgesics to reduce pain in the upper and lower body muscles and tendons. The objective of this study was to investigate whether differences existed in PPT and relative pain attenuation associated with a menthol-based topical analgesic over a variety of upper and lower body muscles and tendons. Design: Randomized allocation, controlled, intervention study. Methods: Sixteen participants (10 females and 6 males) were tested on their dominant or nondominant side. The order of specific muscle/tendon testing was also randomized, which included upper body (middle deltoid, biceps brachii, and lateral epicondylar tendon) and lower body locations (quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, lumbosacral erector spinae muscles, and patellar and Achilles tendons). The PPT was monitored before and 15 minutes following the application of a menthol-based topical analgesic. Results: A menthol-based topical analgesic increased PPT (decreased pain sensitivity) overall (P = .05; 11.6% [2.4%]; d = 1.05) and PPT was higher (P < .0001; 31.5%–44.2%; d = 1.03–1.8) for lower versus upper body locations. Conclusions: Health professionals and the public can be assured of similar reductions in pain sensitivity independent of the location of application of a menthol-based topical analgesic.

The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Chris Blank
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Independent Variable

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.

Object, Intensity and Subject Variables in Visual Evoked Response

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 532-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Intensity Analysis ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Variable Stimulus ◽  
Visual Evoked Response ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Object Effect ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Subject Variables

10 subjects were studied to determine AEP effects of square, circle, and blank stimuli with variable stimulus intensity For the group as a whole, object and intensity effects were significant on a number of amplitude and latency measures, but the object effect appears largely to reflect the presence or absence of a figure, rather than its nature. Increased intensity differentially affected latency, shortening the first negative deflection while lengthening the second positive. Amplitude is generally increased with higher intensity. Analysis of within-subjects effects showed considerable variability as to which parameters were significantly related to the independent variables in individual subjects. A repeated-measures, within-subjects research strategy is seen as appropriate on the basis of these data.

Pain Pressure Threshold in Cluster Headache Patients

Cephalalgia ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Bono ◽  
F Antonaci ◽  
G Sandrini ◽  
E Pucci ◽  
G Nappi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Headache ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Perception Threshold ◽  
Temporal Muscle ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Pain Pressure Threshold ◽  
Pressure Algometer ◽  
Symmetrical Points ◽  
Symptomatic Side

Pain perception threshold (PFT) in the head was assessed with a pressure algometer in 58 cluster headache (CH) patients (52M, 6F; 41 episodic and 17 chronic). Fourteen patients in cluster period were retested in remission. Thresholds were assessed at 10 symmetrical points on each side of the head and at the deltoid. Compared with controls ( n = 80), CH patients had lower PPT in the head and in the deltoid. PPT was lower on the symptomatic side than on the non-symptomatic side in patients with episodic CH during a cluster period ( p<0.001) and in patients with chronic CH ( p<0.05). This pattern was more evident during a cluster period than during remission ( p<0.05). A reduced PPT did not correlate with illness duration and pain side. The lowest PPT mean values were found at the anterior and intermediate levels of the temporal muscle on the symptomatic side. These results imply a central mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of CH.

Pairs of Latin Squares to Counterbalance Sequential Effects and Pairing of Conditions and Stimuli

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (18) ◽  
pp. 1223-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Sequential Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Human Factors Research

This paper discusses methods with which one can simultaneously counterbalance immediate sequential effects and pairing of conditions and stimuli in a within-subjects design using pairs of Latin squares. Within-subjects (repeated measures) experiments are common in human factors research. The designer of such an experiment must develop a scheme to ensure that the conditions and stimuli are not confounded, or randomly order stimuli and conditions. While randomization ensures balance in the long run, it is possible that a specific random sequence may not be acceptable. An alternative to randomization is to use Latin squares. The usual Latin square design ensures that each condition appears an equal number of times in each column of the square. Latin squares have been described which have the effect of counterbalancing immediate sequential effects. The objective of this work was to extend these earlier efforts by developing procedures for designing pairs of Latin squares which ensure complete counterbalancing of immediate sequential effects for both conditions and stimuli, and also ensure that conditions and stimuli are paired in the squares an equal number of times.

Effect of interactive vs. passive virtual reality on pain threshold and tolerance

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliann Saquib ◽  
Haneen A. AlMohaimeed ◽  
Sally A. AlOlayan ◽  
Nora A. AlRebdi ◽  
Jana I. AlBulaihi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Interactive Games ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Order Sequence

Abstract Objectives Scientific evidence suggests that virtual reality (VR) could potentially help patients tolerate painful medical procedures and conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of virtual reality on pain tolerance and threshold. Methods A within-subjects experimental study design was conducted on 53 female students at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. Each participant completed three rounds of assessment: one baseline (no VR) and two VR immersion (passive and interactive) in random order sequence. During each round, participants submerged their non-dominant hand into an ice bath; pain threshold and tolerance were measured as outcomes and analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results Participants had both higher pain threshold and tolerance during interactive and passive VR rounds in comparison to the non-VR baseline assessment (p<0.05). Participants had greater pain tolerance during the interactive VR condition compared to the passive VR condition (p<0.001). Conclusions VR experiences increase pain threshold and tolerance with minimal side effects, and the larger effects were demonstrated using interactive games. Interactive VR gaming should be considered and tested as a treatment for pain.

Pacing and Hazard Score of Elite Open Water Swimmers During a 5-km Indoor Pool Race

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Baldassarre ◽  
Cristian Ieno ◽  
Marco Bonifazi ◽  
Maria Francesca Piacentini
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: The sensation of fatigue experienced at a certain point of the race is an important factor in the regulation of pacing. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is considered one of the main mediators utilized by athletes to modify pacing. The aim was to analyze the relationship between pacing and RPE of elite open water swimmers during national indoor pool championships. Methods: A total of 17 elite open water swimmers (males, n = 9; females, n = 8) agreed to provide RPE every 500 m during the finals of the national championships 5-km indoor pool race. Time splits, stroke rate, and RPE were collected every 500 m. The Hazard score was calculated by multiplying the momentary RPE by the remaining fraction of the race. Athletes were placed in one of two categories: medalists or nonmedalists. For all variables, separate mixed analysis of variances (P ≤ .05) with repeated measures were used considering the splits (ie, every 500 m) as within-subjects factor and the groups (ie, medalists and nonmedalists) as between-subjects factor. Results: Average swimming speed showed a significant main effect for split for both males and females (P < .001). A significant interaction was observed between average swimming speed and groups for females (P = .032). RPE increased in both groups (P < .001) with no difference observed between groups. However, the female nonmedalists showed a disproportionate nonlinear increase in RPE (5.20 [2.31]) halfway through the event that corresponded to the point where they started significantly decreasing speed. Conclusions: The results of the present study show different pacing strategies adopted by medalists and nonmedalists despite a similar RPE.

scholarly journals Enhancing Accuracy in a Touch Operation Biometric System: A Case on the Android Pattern Lock Scheme

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Allan Ng’ang’a ◽  
Paula M. W. Musuva
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Biometric System ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Pattern Complexity ◽  
User Training ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Dynamic Time ◽  
Future Work

The main objective of this research study is to enhance the functionality of an Android pattern lock application by determining whether the time elements of a touch operation, in particular time on dot (TOD) and time between dot (TBD), can be accurately used as a biometric identifier. The three hypotheses that were tested through this study were the following–H1: there is a correlation between the number of touch stroke features used and the accuracy of the touch operation biometric system; H2: there is a correlation between pattern complexity and accuracy of the touch operation biometric system; H3: there is a correlation between user training and accuracy of the touch operation biometric system. Convenience sampling and a within-subjects design involving repeated measures were incorporated when testing an overall sample size of 12 subjects drawn from a university population who gave a total of 2,096 feature extracted data. Analysis was done using the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) Algorithm. Through this study, it was shown that the extraction of one-touch stroke biometric feature coupled with user training was able to yield high average accuracy levels of up to 82%. This helps build a case for the introduction of biometrics into smart devices with average processing capabilities as they would be able to handle a biometric system without it compromising on the overall system performance. For future work, it is recommended that more work be done by applying other classification algorithms to the existing data set and comparing their results with those obtained with DTW.

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