The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Chris Blank
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Independent Variable

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.

scholarly journals Arch-Taping Techniques for Altering Navicular Height and Plantar Pressures During Activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Newell ◽  
Janet Simon ◽  
Carrie L. Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Navicular Drop ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Training Research

Context Arch tapings have been used to support the arch by increasing navicular height. Few researchers have studied navicular height and plantar pressures after physical activity. Objective To determine if taping techniques effectively support the arch during exercise. Design Crossover study. Setting Athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twenty-five individuals (13 men, 12 women; age = 20.0 ± 1.0 years, height = 172.3 ± 6.6 cm, mass = 70.1 ± 10.2 kg) with a navicular drop of more than 8 mm (12.9 ± 3.3 mm) volunteered. Intervention(s) All individuals participated in 3 days of testing, with 1 day for each tape condition: no tape, low dye, and navicular sling. On each testing day, navicular height and plantar pressures were measured at 5 intervals: baseline; posttape; and after 5, 10, and 15 minutes of running. The order of tape condition was counterbalanced. Main Outcome Measure(s) The dependent variables were navicular height in millimeters and plantar pressures in kilopascals. Plantar pressures were divided into 5 regions: medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, lateral midfoot, lateral rearfoot, and medial rearfoot. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted for each dependent variable. Results Navicular height was higher immediately after application of the navicular-sling condition (P = .004) but was reduced after 5 minutes of treadmill running (P = .12). We observed no differences from baseline to posttape for navicular height for the low-dye (P = .30) and no-tape conditions (P = .25). Both the low-dye and navicular-sling conditions increased plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot region compared with the no-tape condition. The low-dye condition created decreased pressure in the medial and lateral forefoot regions compared with the no-tape condition. All changes were identified immediately after application and were maintained during running. No changes were noted in plantar pressures for the no-tape condition (P > .05). Conclusions Both taping techniques effectively changed plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot, and these changes were sustained throughout the 15 minutes of exercise.

The Immediate Effects of Lidocaine Iontophoresis on Trigger-Point Pain

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Evans ◽  
Jennifer R. Kunkle ◽  
Krista M. Zinz ◽  
Jessica L. Walter ◽  
Craig R. Denegar
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Trigger Point ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Normal Current

Objective:To assess the efficacy of lidocaine iontophoresis on myofascial trigger-point pain.Setting:University athletic training facility.Design:Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures.Subjects:Twenty-three subjects with sensitive trigger points over the trapezius.Intervention:Placebo iontophoresis treatment without current or lidocaine, control treatment using distilled water and normal current dose, medicated treatment using 1% lidocaine and normal current dose.Main Outcome Measure:Trigger-point pressure threshold assessed with an algometer.Results:ANOVA revealed a significant difference among treatments (F2,40= 7.38,P< .01). Post hoc comparisons revealed a significant difference in pressure threshold between the lidocaine treatment and the control (P= .01) and placebo (P= .001) treatments. Effect sizes of .28 and .39, respectively, were found for these comparisons.Conclusions:Although the data revealed significant differences between treatments, the small effect sizes and magnitude of the pressure-sensitivity deviation scores suggest that iontophoresis with 1% lidocaine is ineffective in treating trigger points.

A Comparison of Knee-Extension Torque Production with Biphasic versus Russian Current

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Shahin Golestani ◽  
Shante Hill
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Main Outcome Measure

Context:Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be used to prevent the atrophy and strength loss associated with immobilization.Objective:To compare the effects of biphasic current and the modulated “Russian” current on muscular torque production during different contraction conditions.Design, Setting, and Participants:In a within-subjects design, 10 healthy subjects in an athletic training laboratory received NMES.Interventions:Isometric knee-extension torque was recorded with the Biodex™ under 4 conditions: maximum voluntary contraction (MVC; control), MVC superimposed with low-intensity stimulation (sham), MVC superimposed with high-intensity stimulation, and high-intensity stimulation only.Main Outcome Measure:Data normalized for body weight were analyzed using a 2 (current type) X 4 (condition) repeated-measures analysis of variance.Results:The main effect for current type was not significant, F1,9 = .03, P = .87.

scholarly journals Development of a Measure of Rehabilitation Adherence for Athletic Training

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan D. Granquist ◽  
Diane L. Gill ◽  
Renee N. Appaneal
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
Training Facility ◽  
Rehabilitation Adherence ◽  
Good Internal Consistency

Context:Rehabilitation adherence is accepted as a critical component for attaining optimal outcomes. Poor adherence is recognized as a problem in the athletic training setting. Measurement has been inconsistent, and no measure has been developed for athletic training settings.Objective:To identify indicators of sportinjury rehabilitation adherence relevant to athletic training and develop a Rehabilitation Adherence Measure for Athletic Training (RAdMAT) based on these indicators.Design:Mixed methods, 3 steps.Setting:College athletic training facility.Participants:Practicing certified athletic trainers (ATCs; n = 7) generated items, experts (n = 12) reviewed them, and practicing ATCs (n = 164) completed the RAdMAT for their most, average, and least adherent athlete.Main Outcome Measure:RAdMAT.Results:The RAdMAT is 16 items with 3 subscales. Subscales and total have good internal consistency and clearly discriminate among adherence levels.Conclusions:The RAdMAT is based on scholarly literature and clinical practice, making it particularly appropriate for use in athletic training clinical practice or for research purposes.

Predictors of Recovery Time

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Quinn ◽  
Barry J. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Type Design

Objective:To explore predictors of recovery time.Design:Repeated measures on 4 occasions throughout recovery included injury appraisal, demographics, emotional responses, and psychological variables.Participants:Elite injured athletes (N= 136).Main Outcome Measure:Recovery time.Results:At all phases, being a team athlete was a significant predictor of faster recovery. At partial recovery (approximately one-third of the recovery time), significant predictors were active coping, confidence of reaching full recovery in the estimated time, not completing rehabilitation, and having less social support. By semirecovery (approximately two-thirds of the recovery time), vigor and using denial significantly predicted quicker recovery. At recovery, having previously suffered a serious nonsporting injury or illness, vigor, more confidence, and intensity of effort significantly predicted faster recovery.Conclusions:This study has expanded on and refined the work in this area and will help increase understanding of the role that psychological variables play in decreasing recovery time, which has important implications for those implementing rehabilitation programs.

Effects of Different Heating Modalities on Hip Flexion Passive Range of Motion

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Hanson ◽  
James Day
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Tissue Heating ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hot Pack

Context:Therapeutic modalities are routinely administered to increase fexibility, but the relative effects of different modes of tissue heating on passive range of motion (PROM) are unknown.Objective:To assess the relative effects of active exercise on a stationary bicycle, moist hot pack treatment, and warm whirlpool treatment on hip fexion PROM.Design:Repeated measures.Subjects:24 males and 20 females between the ages 18 and 24 years.Main Outcome MeasureHip fexion PROM measured by an inclinometer.Results:Repeated measures analysis of variance identified a significant difference among the heating methods, F(1, 43) = 32.41;p< .001. Active exercise produced the greatest change in hip fexion PROM.Conclusions:All three treatment methods produced an increase in hip fexion PROM, but active exercise produced a significantly greater increase than moist hot pack and warm whirlpool treatments.

The Effects of Rigid Scapular Taping on Acromiohumeral Distance in Healthy Shoulders: An Observational Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alya H. Bdaiwi ◽  
Tanya Anne Mackenzie ◽  
Lee Herrington ◽  
Ian Horlsey ◽  
Ann Cools
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Impingement Syndrome ◽  
Subacromial Impingement Syndrome ◽  
Ultrasound Measurement ◽  
Subacromial Impingement ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Acromiohumeral Distance

Context:Compromise to the acromiohumeral distance (AHD) has been reported in subjects with subacromial impingement syndrome when compared with healthy subjects. In clinical practice, patients are taped with the intention of altering scapular position and influencing the AHD. However, research to determine the effects of taping on AHD is exiguous.Objectives:To evaluate the effect of ridged taping techniques to increase posterior scapular tilt and upward scapular rotation on the AHD.Design:1-group pretest/posttest repeated-measures design.Setting:Human performance laboratory.Participants:20 asymptomatic participants (10 male and 10 female) age 27 y (SD 8.0 y).Intervention:Ridged tapping of the scapula into posterior tilt and upward scapular rotation.Main Outcome Measure:Ultrasound measurement of the AHD.Results:AHD increased significantly after rigid tape application to the scapula (P < .003) in healthy shoulders in 60° of passive arm abduction.Conclusion:Taping techniques applied to the scapula had an immediate effect of increasing the AHD in healthy shoulders in 60° of passive arm abduction. Results suggest that taping for increasing posterior scapular tilt and increasing scapular upward rotation can influence the AHD and is a useful adjunct to rehabilitation in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.

College Athletes’ Expectations About Injury Rehabilitation With an Athletic Trainer

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Hart ◽  
Damien Clement ◽  
Jordan Hamson-Utley ◽  
Monna Arvinen-Barrow ◽  
Cindra Kamphoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Athletic Trainer ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Main Outcome Measure

Context:Injured athletes begin the rehabilitation process with expectations about the nature of the working relationship with an athletic trainer. These expectations can infuence the effectiveness of the assistance provided.Objective:To determine whether male and female athletes differed in terms of expectations about injury rehabilitation services with an athletic trainer.Design:A questionnaire was administered to student athletes that assessed expectations about injury rehabilitation. Setting: Five colleges and universities.Patients or Other Participants:Questionnaire responses were provided by 679 student athletes (443 males and 236 females).Main Outcome Measure:Responses to the Expectations about Athletic Training questionnaire were used to assess factors identifed as Personal Commitment, Facilitative Conditions, Athletic Trainer Expertise, and Realism.Results:A statistically signifcant interaction between gender and prior experience was identifed. Male athletes with no prior experience had lower expectations for a facilitative environment. Female athletes with prior experience were less likely to have realistic expectations.Conclusions:Gender and prior experience infuence athletes’ expectations of injury rehabilitation with an athletic trainer.

The Effect of Pelvic Position on Popliteal Angle Achieved During 90:90 Hamstring-Length Test

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Herrington
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Hamstring Muscle ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Pelvic Position

Context:Hamstring muscle length is commonly measured because of its perceived relationship to injury of both the hamstrings themselves and the pelvis and lumbar spine. The popliteal (knee-extension) angle measured from the starting position hip and knee at 90° is a commonly used indirect measure of hamstring muscle length. When this measure has been undertaken in the literature previously, little attention was paid to the position of the pelvis, which may significantly influence measurements taken.Design:Repeated-measures.Setting:University human performance laboratory.Participants:60 healthy physically active males (mean age 20.1 ± 1.8 y, range 18–24 y).Intervention:The 2 extremes of pelvic position (anterior and posterior).Main Outcome Measure:Popliteal angle (with maximal knee extension) was measured in 2 positions, 1 of full anterior and 1 of full posterior pelvic tilt.Results:The mean difference in popliteal angle between anterior to posterior pelvic positions was 13.4° ± 9° (range 0–26°); this was statistically significant (P = .0001).Conclusion:The findings of the study indicate that pelvic position has a significant effect on popliteal angle and therefore should be taken into account when measuring hamstring muscle length.

Sleep Efficiency and Overreaching in Swimmers

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Wall ◽  
Carl G. Mattacola ◽  
C. Buz Swanik ◽  
Susan Levenstein
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Context:Overreaching can be beneficial, but there is a risk of overtraining.Objective:To investigate the difference in sleep efficiency between overreached and nonover-reached swimmers.Design:Repeated-measures, between-subjects. Swimmers were determined to be overreaching if 2 or more of their consecutive weekly swim times increased by 5% or more from baseline.Participants:9 competitive high school and university sprinter swimmers.Intervention:24-h wrist actigraph.Main Outcome Measure:Sleep efficiency as measured by the actigraph.Results:There was a significant difference in sleep efficiency on night 1 between the overreached and nonoverreached swimmers (P = .008), as well as in their times after averaging over all 5 trials and adjusting for baseline (P = .016). By the fourth swim trial, the overreached swimmers had significantly slower swim times than those of the nonoverreached swimmers (P = .001).Conclusions:Sleep efficiency shows potential as an objective, noninvasive predictor and monitor of overreaching in swimmers.

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