scholarly journals How the Distribution of After-Tax Income Changed Over the 1990s Business Cycle: A Comparison of the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Japan

2008 ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Richard V. Burkhauser ◽  
Takashi Oshio ◽  
Ludmila Rovba
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Density Estimation ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Right ◽  
Older Populations ◽  
Entire Distribution

Using kernel density estimation we find that over the 1990s business cycles in the United States and Great Britain the entire distribution of after-tax (disposable) income moved to the right while inequality declined. In contrast, Germany and Japan experienced less growth, a rise in inequality, and a decline in the middle mass of their distributions, that spread mostly to the right, much like in the United States over its 1980s business cycle. Inequality fell within the older populations of all four countries; inequality also fell within the younger populations of the United States and Great Britain, but it rose substantially in Germany and Japan.

The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China

1937 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 942-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Status ◽  
Treaty Ports ◽  
Foreign Control ◽  
The Right ◽  
Acting In Concert

Hostilities now in progress in the Far East may produce significant changes in the status of foreign concessions and settlements in China. It may be useful, therefore, to classify these areas and to survey their status prior to the present “undeclared war.” Among the several privileges gained by Great Britain, the United States, and France in their treaties with China in 1842–44 was the right of foreign residence in the five ports opened to trade by these treaties: Amoy, Canton, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai. Arrangements for the residence of foreigners and their families in these ports were to be made by the consular officials and the local Chinese authorities acting “in concert together.” These arrangements resulted in the delimitation of areas for foreign residence, generally called “settlements,” which grew into municipalities exempt from Chinese jurisdiction and completely under foreign control. As more ports were opened for trade by the various treaties negotiated after 1844, certain nations requested exclusive areas in many of them. Such areas were generally called “concessions.”

The Overall Effect of the Business Cycle on Crime

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Bushway ◽  
Matthew Phillips ◽  
Philip J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Using Data

Abstract This paper analyses the 13 business cycles since 1933 to provide evidence on the old question of whether recessions cause crime. Using data from the United States, we find that recessions are consistently associated with an uptick in burglary and robbery, and a reduction in theft of motor vehicles. There is no statistical association with homicide. These patterns are suggestive of the relative importance of the various channels by which economic conditions influence crime.

The Right to Die: A Cross-National Analysis of Agenda Setting and Innovation

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Smith ◽  
H R Glick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Agenda Setting ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right To Die ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
Cross National

Through theories of agenda setting and innovation, the origin, development, and enactment of right-to-die policy in four Western nations—the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, and Great Britain—are examined. Different social and government structures produced varied right-to-die politics in each of these countries, although similar issues received more emphasis in Europe. However, it is discovered that policy entrepreneurs, organizations, and governments are important in similar ways in moving the issue from the public to the governmental agenda and to policy innovations in each country. The paper is concluded with a discussion of elements to be included in a model of agenda setting and innovation and with a proposal for the application of theory to a wider range of policies.

Toward a business-cycle model of tariffs

1985 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio M. Gallarotti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Business Cycle Model ◽  
Hegemonic Stability

A modified interest-group model links movements in tariffs to changes in the level of economic activity within nations. This model is introduced and tested for tariff behavior in the 19th and early 20th centuries in three nations: the United States, Great Britain, and Germany. Empirical analysis lends strong support to the model's central thesis, that tariffs are sensitive to movements within a business cycle. Tariff changes occurring in the three nations, with the exception of British tariff increases, generally conform to the expectations of the model. Furthermore, business-cycle sensitivity provides an explanation of the behavior of tariffs superior to two prominent alternatives, those based on ideology and on hegemonic stability.

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