scholarly journals Legal Stability from International Theories and Experiences: Lessons Learnt for Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Kien
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Lessons Learnt ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Stability

Stability has become one of the basic requirements for the law from both theoretical and practical perspectives, especially for developing countries where laws are often changed and reformed with large scale and intensity. Despite its importance, the stability of the law has never had a thorough analysis as well as a consensus on the concepts, functions and roles in comparative law theories. This led to the application and development of criteria and methods to ensure the stability of the law in practice, ineffective, even failed. In this context, this article contributes to the analysis of the theory of legal stability in the world to provide a unified understanding. Thereby, initially proposing criteria and ways to ensure the stability of law in reality for Vietnam.

Investment in the agricultural sector as a way to solve food security problems in developing countries: the example of investment activity of the US agribusiness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Stepanovna Ustinovich ◽  
Tatyana Petrovna Boldyreva
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Agricultural Investment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Benefits

It is clear to everyone that investment in the agricultural sector in developing countries is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty and hunger in the world. Agricultural investment can generate a wide range of development opportunities. However, these benefi ts cannot be expected to arise automatically. Some forms of large-scale investment pose significant risks to investor states. It should be noted, however, that, despite discussions about the potential benefits and risks of international investment, there is still no evidence of negative actual consequences for the countries receiving investments. This article examines the issues of investment activity in relation to developing countries using the example of US agribusiness entities.

MODELING THE SPREAD OF HIV IN A STAGE STRUCTURED POPULATION: EFFECT OF AWARENESS

2012 ◽  
Vol 05 (05) ◽  
pp. 1250040 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAVJOT KAUR ◽  
MINI GHOSH ◽  
S. S. BHATIA
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Progressive Failure ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Heterosexual Contact ◽  
The World ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lenti-virus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a critical condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections. Over the past few years HIV has been spreading rapidly in the population. Almost, everyday there are thousands of new human cases of HIV infection being recorded in the world and these occur in almost every country of the world. However, the spread of HIV is relatively faster in the developing countries as compared to developed countries because developing countries have limited resources. Worldwide, 70% of HIV infections in the adults have been transmitted through heterosexual contact and vertical transmission accounts for more than 90% of global infection in infants and children. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear mathematical model to study the spread of HIV by considering transmission of disease by heterosexual contact and vertical transmission. A stage structured model is proposed and analyzed by considering the total population variable and dividing the whole population under consideration into three stages: children, adults and old. Also, in this paper it is assumed that the rates of recruitment are different in different groups of population. Equilibria of the model and their stability are also discussed. Using the stability theory of differential equations and computer simulation, it is shown that due to the increase in the awareness of the disease in the adult class the total infective population decreases in the region under consideration.

scholarly journals El proyecto BEPS y la planeación fiscal

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
José Luis BÁRCENAS-PUENTE ◽  
Miguel Ángel ANDRADE-OSEGUERA
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tax Planning ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Fiscal Planning ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Way

Tax planning seeks, through the application of the law and other sources of law; reduce, eliminate or defer the payment of contributions; under this scheme, it is a lawful activity which constitutes a right for every taxpayer. However, the tax authority does not share this consideration and see decreased revenues as a result of these practices, describes them as illegal. To take out this type of strategy on a large scale, multinational enterprises have managed to reduce their tax burden, especially in developing countries; for this purpose, members of the OECD and the G-20 countries undertaken a series of actions known as "Project BEPS" (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting), in Spanish Base Erosion and location of utilities. This material is intended to expose the legality or illegality of fiscal planning, the contents of the BEPS project and the reactions of Mexico in this regard; in an analytical, critical and purposeful way through of the documental available sourses, using induction meanly. By the way, try it give a general panorama of the theme, providing elements of judgment of wich the reader can support this position.

Commercial approach to rivers

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-59
Author(s):  
S. Nazrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Statistical Summary

Chapter 2 reviews the origin and spread of the Commercial approach to rivers. It explains the origin of this approach in the first Industrial Revolution, which provided human societies both the commercial motive and the machine power required to undertake large-scale frontal and lateral interventions in rivers. The chapter catalogues various types of frontal intervening structures—including dams, barrages, and weirs—that the Commercial approach deploys to achieve its purpose. The chapter then follows the spread of the frontal version of the Commercial approach across the world, beginning with the developed countries and then the developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The chapter ends by providing a statistical summary of the global picture regarding dams and barrages, which are the main instruments of the Commercial approach to rivers.

scholarly journals Seminar on Narcotics Problems in Developing Countries in Africa

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-120
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Narcotic Drug ◽  
The World ◽  
Narcotics Control ◽  
Illicit Trafficking

While most African countries have no real cause for alarm concerning narcotic drug addiction and illicit trafficking, the possibilities for the future in such a huge and rapidly changing area call for the utmost vigilance. Only in this way can the tragedy of large-scale addiction which has afflicted other wide regions of the world be avoided. Urbanisation, internal migration, and detribalisation are factors which might well sow the seeds of future trouble. The United Nations therefore organised this regional seminar, the first of its kind in Africa, as part of its programme of technical assistance in narcotics control.

MISQUOTING SOPHOCLES’ OEDIPVS TYRANNVS. A NEW PROOF OF THE INAUTHENTICITY OF PS.-ARISTOTLE, ON THE COSMOS

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 733-735
Author(s):  
Manuel Galzerano
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Perfect Order ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The City ◽  
The Universe

Chapters 6 and 7 of the pseudo-Aristotelian treatise On the Cosmos (Περὶ κόσμου = De mundo) display ‘a series of well-crafted and carefully organized analogies’ in order to represent the power of god pervading the whole universe. The last analogy (400b14–28), which is by far the most important in this section, compares the rule of god over the world to the rule of the law in a Greek city (ὁ τῆς πόλεως νόμος). As shown by the author in the previous analogies, the perfect order of the universe is the result of the continuous creation and dissolution of single things: this process—based upon the harmony of opposites—is the keystone of the eternity and equilibrium of our world. Similarly, the law is the unmoved (ἀκίνητος) mover of every activity and experience in the city: both positive and negative situations involving single citizens contribute to the supreme order and stability of the city. Positive examples include the activity of rulers, officials and members of the assemblies (ἄρχοντες, θεσμοθέται, βουλευταί, ἐκκλησιασταί), whereas negative examples include those who go to trial defending themselves (ὁ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς δικαστὰς ἀπολογησόμενος) and those who are imprisoned and destined to capital punishment (ὁ δὲ εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον ἀποθανούμενος). In spite of their difference, all of these actions are due to one single order (κατὰ μίαν πρόσταξιν), that is, the civic law, which ensures the stability of the city. To stress and illustrate this concordia discors, which characterizes both the city and the universe, the author of the treatise closes the passage with a quotation from Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus (lines 4–5):πόλις δ' ὁμοῦ μὲν θυμιαμάτων γέμει,ὁμοῦ δὲ παιάνων τε καὶ στεναγμάτωνThe author reads these verses as a perfect example of a context characterized by opposite situations: in fact, the city is full of paeans (παιάνων), which are interpreted as ‘songs of joy and relief’, and, at the same time, it is also full of laments and mourns (στεναγμάτων). The same interpretation can be found in the Latin translation of the treatise, which gives even more emphasis to the opposition between life and death: uideasque illam ciuitatem pariter spirantem Panchaeis odoribus et graueolentibus caenis, resonantem hymnis et carminibus et canticis, eandem etiam lamentis et ploratibus heiulantem.

scholarly journals “Gender Revolution”: the reverse side of the coin —through the eyes of Western authors

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Alexander Shcelkin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Gay Marriage ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
Gender Revolution

The article shows the size and factors of such a large-scale trend as the legalization of gay marriage in many countries around the world. At the same time, there is convincing evidence of resistance to this trend. The author analyzes the arguments and motives of this resistance. The main aspects of the criticism of the "gender revolution" in connection with the law "Marriage for All" are presented too.

Women in economic and social transformation era: Issues and challenges

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalthum Hassan ◽  
Rohana Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Corporate World ◽  
The World

This book was motivated by the desire of the authors to reveal various issues and livelihood strategies of women in developing countries managing current socio-economic challenges as the state of the world is changing rapidly.The changes have brought about problems and opportunities to women globally as women have become one of the key actors in promoting the changes.Women in the developing countries have gone through various phases of socio-economic changes that have changed their roles from family affairs managers to corporate/institutional managers and workers and small and large scale entrepreneurs.However, different from men, the roles as family affairs managers remain even though women have assumed various other roles in government and corporate world.

Poverty in Kazakhstan

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
T. Aliev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
The World ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries

To properly assess the extent of poverty in Kazakhstan it is important to understand the methodology of its definition and measurement. There are three basic concepts of measuring poverty. Absolute poverty is based on the establishment of a living wage or poverty line. The position of the World Bank is dominant in the world in the assessment of absolute poverty. The WB experts use multiple criteria income. An internationally accepted poverty line was established in 2005 at US$ 1.25 (PPP) per person per day. They also used less “hard” indicator of US$ 2 per day (in constant 2005 prices) which is the median poverty line for all developing countries. For the transitional economies WB applies poverty line based on the differential absolute poverty equal to US$ 4.3 (before 1999 – US$ 4), for developed economies – US$ 11. According to a relative concept, the category of poor includes individuals and households with income clearly insufficient to live on prevailing community standards of consumption. This approach is used primarily for the developed countries. For example, in the EU the relative poverty is defined at the level of 60% of the median per capita income. Subjective approach (developed by Leiden University, Netherlands) takes into account people’s own estimates of their welfare status. In terms of Kazakhstan, the author states that any one-dimensional approach will fail to estimate the real extent of poverty and deprivation of the population. International and national statistics fail to provide an accurate picture of the number of poor in the country and the dynamics of poverty. According to national and WB statistics, in recent decades Kazakhstan showed substantial progress in reducing poverty. However, this was achieved largely due to maintaining rather low official levels of subsistence and cost of minimum food basket. Establishment of these indicators is mainly determined by political considerations, thus it lacks objectivity. For a country aiming to improve competitiveness of its economy and to achieve the level and quality of life comparable to developed countries the focus on a poverty criteria that is close to the standards of the poorest developing countries is not acceptable. Actually, the poverty situation in Kazakhstan continues to be a serious challenge. This is evidenced by the materials of international statistics based on criteria of poverty for countries in transition; by a quite high proportion of household spending on food and the relatively low (as compared to many Eastern European countries) national poverty line. It is concluded that a large-scale poverty still persists in Kazakhstan despite high rates of economic growth.

THE CHAKUDA NO MATSURIGOTO RITUAL OF HEIAN JAPAN JUDICIARY

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
M. V. Grachyov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
Correct Understanding

The article explores the chakuda no matsurigoto (literally “putting on shackles”) ritual in Heian Japan (794–1185), its evolution and specificity. Originally the ritual consisted only of putting shackles on a prisoner after the announcement of the verdict, and presented an integral part of the judicial system during the Asuka and Nara periods, but in the Heian era, the chakuda no matsurigoto ritual turned into a large-scale ceremonial action regularly performed in the 5th and 12th lunar months. It was a spectacle both for noble persons and for commoners, becoming a credential sign (proof) of the triumph of the law over iniquity; a symbol of dishonour for criminals (they were publicly put in shackles during the ritual on the market square of the capital) and a testimony of fair justice for those whose term of imprisonment came to an end (they were removed from the shackles right during the chakuda no matsurigoto and released). The chakuda no matsurigoto ritual in the Heian Japan underwent constructive changes at the end of the 10th century, turned into a kind of shameful punishment that pursued several main tasks. The ritual served as a message, informing people about the guilt of the criminals and the impartiality of the court verdict passed by them. By enhancing the visual and sound elements of the ceremony, the organizers of the chakuda no matsurigoto achieved the correct understanding of the essence of what was happening among those present, its maximum informative accuracy. The ceremony of liberation from the iron shackles in the presence of numerous observers served as an impressive symbol of the offender’s return to the world of law-abiding people, demonstrating the indisputability of the rule of law in the Heian state.

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