Some nutritional properties of Taiwan Napier grass leaves (Pennisetum purpureum) harvested at different time

The effect of different harvesting time on Napier grass's nutrient composition (Pennisetum purpureum) leaves was investigated. Taiwan Napier grass grown under field conditions were harvested at day-15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 after planting. The leaves samples subjected for analyses on dry matter, moisture, ash, crude fibre, crude fat, crude protein and acid detergent fibre, and the data expressed as a percentage. The present study found that the different harvesting time had changed all nutrients composition, except, crude protein where no variation in crude protein during any harvesting time observed. The present study recommends harvesting time for Taiwan Napier grass between 45 and 60 days after planting was the best. This finding is useful as baseline data that provides information on Taiwan Napier's nutritional composition grown at a particular cropping site. It helps plan and strategy for new planting activity, especially when determining the best time for harvesting.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF FOUR PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) SHEEP.

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v22i1.2033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 68-75

Author(s):

A. A. TAIWO ◽

E. A. ADEBOWALE ◽

A. O. AKINSOYINU ◽

J. F. D. GREENHALGH

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

The Other ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre

Feedblocks, poultry manure diet, gliricidia: leucaena mixture (1:1 W/W) and maize offal diet were compared as sources of protein supplements for WAD sheep fed a basal diet of elephant grass hay (Pennisetum purpureum), through a 12-week performance and digestibility study. Dry matter and organic matter intakes (DMI, OMI) of the sheep were higher (P0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on the other diets. DMI on poultry manure and maize offal diets were not significant (P0.05). Organic matter intake (OMI) of the animals followed the same trend as DMI. Sheep fed legume supplements excelled in intakes of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (P>0.05). Intakes of CP and ADF by sheep on the other supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05). Sheep fed on feedblock supplement consumed the least amount. (P0.05) of NDF. Variations were observed in DM,OM, and NDF digestibilities by sheep on maize offal, poultry manure and legumes supplements. Crude protein digestibility in the legumes and feedblocks supplements was higher (P0.05) than with the other two supplements. All the sheep used gained weights but those on maize offa' diet recorded higher (P0.05). weight gain (86.57g) than those on browse leaves (59.40g), feedblocks (47.80g) and poultry manure (40.44g). Rumen pH was lower (P<0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on other diets. Total VFA recorded for sheep on maize offal diet and legumes supplements was higher (P<0.05) than for the other two supplements. Blood urea nitrogen of the supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05)

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Bromatological and fermentative characteristics of elephant grass silages with the addition of annato by-product

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010000900007 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 1905-1910 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Margareth Maria Teles Rêgo ◽

José Neuman Miranda Neiva ◽

Maria Andréa Borges Cavalcante ◽

Magno José Duarte Cândido ◽

Rossana Herculano Clementino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Linear Effect ◽

The Moment ◽

Nitrogen Contents ◽

Ammonical Nitrogen

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) silages with the addition of 0; 4; 8; 12 and 16% of the by-product from SPU annato (Bixa orellana, L.) based on natural matter. A complete random design was used with four replications. The nutritional composition, pH, ammonical nitrogen and lactic, acetic, propyonic and butyric acids were determined. Levels of annato by-product had an increasingly linear effect on contents of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrates, propionic acid and ammonical nitrogen. The insoluble nitrogen contents in detergent and acid detergent, calculated on the percentage of total nitrogen and lactic, acetic and butyric acids were not altered by adding the annato by product. The annatto by-product improves the bromatological characteristics of the silages and it can be added in levels up to 16% of the natural matter at the moment of elephant grass ensilage.

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Amino acid contents and intestinal digestibility of lucerne in ruminants as influenced by growth stage

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/367-cjas ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 499-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. Homolka ◽

V. Koukolová ◽

Z. Němec ◽

Z. Mudřík ◽

B. Hučko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Acid Detergent Lignin ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Intestinal Digestibility

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L. var. Palava), harvested at four successive dates over a 30-day period, was evaluated for chemical composition (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin), amino acid contents and intestinal digestibility in dairy cows. Dry matter (r = 0.78), organic matter (r = 0.95), crude fibre (r = 0.91), neutral detergent fibre (r = 0.94), acid detergent fibre (r = 0.79) and acid detergent lignin (r = 0.48) presented positive linear correlation coefficients (r) with growth stage, whereas crude protein (r = –0.96), ether extract (r = –0.86) and nitrogen-free extract (r = –0.70) showed negative relationships. Total essential amino acid content decreased (r = –0.94) from 84.1 to 55.3 g/kg of dry matter with maturity, with r-values higher than –0.90 obtained between growth stage and contents of lysine, methionine, threonine and valine. With the exception of tyrosine (r = –0.68), r-values between growth stage and individual non-essential amino acids were all higher than –0.90. Total amino acid (r = –0.98) and nitrogen (r = –0.99) contents presented comparable tendencies with successive sampling times. Whereas no definite trends were detected for the amino acid composition of rumen incubated (16 hours) lucerne samples, the intestinal digestibility of total essential (r = –0.78), total non-essential (r = –0.58) and total (r = –0.69) amino acids as well as nitrogen (r = –0.99) decreased with growth. However, due to a small sample size (n = 4), most linear relationships between constituents and growth stage were insignificant. It can be concluded that, although limited in the sample size, this report presents information on the decrease in amino acid contents and intestinal amino acid digestibility as growth proceeds in lucerne (var. Palava) produced in the Czech Republic, which could be utilized in the feeding of ruminants.

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Effect of Napier grass ensiled with or without inclusion of soy waste on the performance of growing goats

Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) ◽

10.47253/jtrss.v8i1.162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 36-39

Author(s):

Mohammad Mijanur Rahman ◽

Raja Ili Airina Binti Raja Khalif ◽

Wan Embong Wan Khadijah ◽

Ramli Bin Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Napier Grass ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Feeding Value ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Growing Goats ◽

Soy Waste ◽

Ruminant Feed

Utilization of soy waste as a ruminant feed is low due to storage problems and transportation costs.An experiment was carried out with fifteen goats to assess the feeding value of Napier grass(Pennisetum purpureum) ensiled with or without soy waste. Grass ensiled without soy waste wastermed as NM silage, while grass ensiled 30% soy waste (w/w) was termed as NMS silage. In bothsilages, 1.0% molasses (w/w) were incorporated to enhance the fermentation process. After 2months of ensiling, three diets were formulated and assigned to one of three groups: (i) Napier grassad libitum plus 1% pellet of body weight (BW) on a dry matter (DM) basis (T1), (ii) NM silage adlibitum plus 1% soy waste of BW on a DM basis (T2), and (iii) NMS silage ad libitum (T3). TheNMS silage showed a lower pH (4.04 vs. 4.64) than NM silage. The NMS silage exhibited higherproportions of DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) compared to NM silage. Animalsreceived T1 diet showed higher (p<0.05) DM, OM and neutral detergent fibre intake compared tothe animals received T2 and T3 diets. However, animals received T2 diet showed higher CP intakethan the animals received T1 and T3 diets. Similarly, animals received T2 diet showed higher(p<0.05) BW gain (49.4 vs. 16.5 g/d) than the goats fed T3 diet. In conclusion, the T3 diet mayhave limited goat performance, which needs further study to improve the quality of silage.

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Some aspects of the utilization of tropical forages. I. Green elephant grass at various stages of growth

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600083970 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 233-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. H. Butterworth

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Voluntary Intake ◽

Fibre Fraction ◽

Age Determinations

1. Cuts of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum were made at 40–60 (trial 1), 30 (trial 2), 50 (trial 3) and 70 (trial 4) days of age. Determinations of voluntary intake, digestibility coefficients, rate of passage through the gut, time spent eating and ruminating, number of boluses, rate of chewing, production of volatile fatty acids (both total and individual) were determined using individually housed sheep.2. Digestibility coefficients of crude protein declined with the level of crude protein in the forage; digestion of the crude fibre fraction declined with advancing maturity. The digestibility of N.F.E. increased with increasing maturity resulting in similar values for T.D.N. among the four cuts. Digestibility of dry matter of the grass in trial 2 was significantly higher than that for the other three trials.

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Effect of frequency of cutting on the yield and composition of some fodder grasses in Nigeria (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600030884 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 25-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

V. A. Oyenuga

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Grass Species ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Green Fodder

1. The influence of frequency of cutting on the yield and chemical composition of Pennisetum purpureum Schum under the environmental conditions obtaining in south-western Nigeria was studied in 1953–54. The cutting frequencies adopted being seventeen, eight, six and four times sampling a year, which permitted the plants to grow for intervals of 3, 6, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, before cutting.2. When elephant grass was sampled four times a year, at an interval of 12 weeks, a yield of 52·9 tons of green fodder per acre was obtained for the 11-month period (24 June 1953 to 27 May 1954). This yield was 1·8 times more than the green fodder produced from plots sampled seventeen times a year, at 3-weekly intervals, and 1-4 times more than that obtained from each of those sampled six times a year (intervals of 8-weeks) and eight times a year (6-weekly intervals), respectively. These yields, which are probably the highest ever recorded for any grass species grown in unfertilized soils in Nigeria, are also higher than the yields reported under similar conditions and treatments in other tropical countries.3. The percentage dry matter similarly increased with the length of cutting intervals. Differences in yields of dry matter between the various treatments are more pronounced than similar differences for green fodder yields. The dry-matter yields obtained from either the 6-weekly or the 8-weekly cutting intervals were significantly higher than those obtained from the 3-weekly cut samples, while those from the 12-weekly cut samples were significantly superior to each of the other cutting treatments. The difference in yield between the 8- and the 6-weekly cut samples, however, was not statistically significant.4. A progressive reduction in yields of dry matter and of green fodder was shown with successive cuttings, particularly in the case of the more frequently cut grasses; the yields obtained during the 1964 seasons were lower than those of 1953. It is possible that the application of fertilizers might arrest this diminution in growth and yield.5. It was shown that when the grass was allowed to grow for a period longer than 3 weeks, the stems of Pennisetum purpureum Schum tend to mature more rapidly than the leaves. This fact might be responsible for the rapid deterioration in nutrient content, so characteristic of tropical fodders.6. The percentage crude protein and of silicafree ash fell as cutting intervals increased; the percentage dry matter, crude fibre and nitrogenfree extract rose directly with length of cutting intervals. It was shown that it is best to cut elephant grass every 3 weeks of growth in order to obtain the highest yield of protein and of silicafree ash per acre; this grass should, however, be cut every 12 weeks to obtain the maximum yield of total nutrients and carbohydrates. It does not appear profitable to cut or graze elephant grass at 6- or 8-weekly intervals for either of the above purposes.7. While green fodder yields were directly, drymatter yields were inversely, related to the degree of monthly precipitation. Generally, periods of high rainfall were followed by high yields of green fodder and low yields of dry matter, those of low rainfall by low green fodder and high dry-matter yields. The percentage crude protein and of silicafree ash of dry matter, fluctuated directly with rainfall; the percentage nitrogen-free extract and of crude fibre showed an inverse relationship with rainfall fluctuations.It is these latter constituents rather than the former which thus reflect the dry-matter content of the herbage.

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Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing Red sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay supplemented with concentrate

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v44i3.679 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 332-341

Author(s):

B. M. Munza ◽

M. R. Hassan ◽

R. J. Tanko ◽

S. M. Otaru ◽

D. J. U. Kalla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre

During the dry season, forages are low in quantity and quality; hence lacks the essential nutrients that are prerequisite for growth in ruminants, suggesting a supplemental feeding. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing Red Sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay supplemented with concentrate. Eight growing Red Sokoto bucks with average body weight of 15±1.0 kg were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments containing S. bicolor hay/concentrate mixture (100:0 and 60:40). The bucks were individually fed at 3.5% body weight daily for a period of 21 days in a completely randomised design with four replicates per treatment. The parameters measured were dry matter intake, water intake, amount of faeces voided, volume of urine and costs of feeding. Total dry matter intake (424.64g/day) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 60:40 dietary treatment than 100:0 treatment (353.57g/day). The digestibility coefficients of crude fibre (92.34 %), acid detergent fibre (71.46 %) and neutral detergent fibre (69.77 %) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay:concentrate ratio of 100:0 compared to bucks fed 60:40 diet with crude fibre (87.25 %), acid detergent fibre (59.67 %) and neutral detergent fibre (60.08 %) digestibility coefficient values. However, crude protein (78.49 %) and ash (70.04 %) digestibility coefficients in bucks fed 60:40 diet were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed 100:0 diet with 38.14 % crude protein and 21.45 % ash digestibility coefficients. There was an increasing trend (p<0.05) in all parameters measured when concentrate was supplemented. The nitrogen retained (7.55 g/day), nitrogen retained as % intake (68.76 %) and nitrogen absorbed as % intake (78.46 %) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto bucks fed 60:40 diets when compared with that of 100:0 diet which recorded 0.69 g/day nitrogen retained, 23.87 % nitrogen retained as % intake and 38.15 % as nitrogen absorbed as % intake, respectively. Total costs per kg of feed (N78.13K) and costs of feeding per buck (N696.72K) were significantly (p<0.05) higher for 60:40 diet than 100:0 diet with N45.83K total costs per kg feed and N340.29K costs of feeding per buck. It is therefore, concluded that concentrate supplementation on Sorghum bicolor hay enhances its utilisation by growing Red Sokoto bucks in terms of increased dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria.

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Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201382010037 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 37-41

Author(s):

Eva Straková ◽

Pavel Suchý

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Acid Detergent Lignin ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Pure Protein ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre

This study focuses on the determination of apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation nutrients in horses of the Old Kladruber breed through a balance indicator method (determination of acid insoluble ash). When evaluating the nitrogenous substances, their determination was based on the content of pure protein (sum of amino acids) which is more accurate than crude protein. There were differences in the chemical composition of dry matter from pasture vegetation and horse excrements. Regarding crude fat, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, ash, P and Mg, the average values in dry matter of horse excrements were significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher; on the contrary, we found significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower mean values of nitrogen-free extract, organic matter and Ca in the dry mass of pasture grass. The highest coefficient of apparent digestibility for organic nutrients was determined in the nitrogen-free extract (73%) followed with organic matter (71%), pure protein (68%), crude protein (65%) and crude fat (61%). In case of fibre and its fractions, the apparent digestibility coefficients decreased as follows: crude fibre (66%), neutral detergent fibre (66%), acid detergent fibre (63%) and acid detergent lignin (42%). Significantly lower values were determined for coefficients of apparent digestibility for minerals P (16%) and Mg (50%), which highlights the need for their regular supplementation in horses on pasture. This study extends the current state of knowledge regarding the apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation which is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition of horses.

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Nutrient composition and anti-nutritional properties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) calyx flour

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-02-2020-0049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Saheed Adewale Omoniyi ◽

Adamu Musa Muhammad ◽

Ruth Ayuba

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Nutritional Properties ◽

Content Type

Purpose Calyx of okra pods is usually cut off and discarded as a waste during processing, whereas the pulp and seeds are being used. This study aims to investigate the nutrient composition and anti-nutritional properties of okra calyx flour. Design/methodology/approach Calyces from four varieties (Ex-kwadon, Solar, Chalawa and Syria) of okra pods were processed into flour. The proximate composition, mineral content, vitamin content and anti-nutritional composition of the flour samples were analysed by using standard methods. Findings There were significant differences in moisture content (p = 0.012), crude fat (p = 0.001), crude fibre (p = 0.002), carbohydrate (p = 0.002), sodium (p < 0.001), magnesium (p < 0.001), iron (p < 0.001), zinc (p = 0.006), vitamin A (p < 0.001) and vitamin C (p = 0.001) contents of okra calyx flour. The values of proximate composition ranged 8.1-8.9%, 8.4-9.0%, 14.3-15.3%, 1.4-2.1%, 16.9-18.2% and 47.1-49.4% for moisture content, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate, respectively, whereas the values of mineral contents ranged 7.6-8.7 mg/100g, 35.7-41.2 mg/100g, 26.5-28.1 mg/100g, 93.2-95.8 mg/100g, 1.6-1.8 mg/100g and 5.2-5.7 mg/100g for sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc, respectively. The values of vitamin contents of okra calyx flour ranged 0.2-0.3 µg/100g, 7.1-8.9 mg/100g and 0.1-0.2 mg/100g for vitamin A, vitamin C and thiamine contents respectively. Also, there were significant differences in the values of phytate (p = 0.023), oxalate (p = 0.011) and saponin (p < 0.001) contents with the values of anti-nutritional properties ranging 1.3-1.5 mg/100g, 2.5-3.3 mg/100g, 7.4-9.7 mg/100g and 2.3-3.6 mg/100g for tannin, phytate, oxalate and saponin contents, respectively. Research limitations/implications There are scanty published works/information on proximate composition, mineral content, vitamin content and anti-nutritional composition of okra calyx flour. Practical implications The study showed that okra calyx flour could be useful in fortification/supplement of carbohydrate-based foods in food system. Originality/value Okra calyx flour comprises high crude fibre, crude protein, ash and vitamin C contents. Also, calcium is the major mineral content of okra calyx flour followed by magnesium and potassium. However, the tannin content reported higher in okra leaf flour, and okra flour is low in okra calyx flour.

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Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700100067 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 113-117

Author(s):

G. L. Mabey ◽

R. Rose Innes

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Nutritive Values ◽

Digestible Crude Protein ◽

Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

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