scholarly journals Hierarchical systems and their evolution in Buddhist communities of Central Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Sergei Nesterkin
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Hierarchical Systems ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Church Structures

This article examines the hierarchical systems established in Buddhist communities of Central Asia.  Hierarchies are viewed in the spiritual context: by level of taking of vows, educational attainment, level of practical implementation of knowledge, rank in the institution of “Reincarnated Lamas”; as well as hierarchies important in administrative context, such as levels of responsibility, governance of monasteries, rank within the structure of state administration, and interaction with government institutions. It is noted that genetically all of them ascend to Teacher – student hierarchy. This work explores the evolution of these hierarchies under the changing historical conditions, as well their complex interrelations. It is demonstrated that hierarchical system evolved depending on such factors, as the development of monastic education, increased role in the communities of “Reincarnated Lamas”, shift in the role of monasteries within state administration along with the role of government in regulation of the religious institutions. It is determined that hierarchies partially intersected, but also diverged due to the possibility of relatively autonomous practice of Sutra and Tantra, which formed different types of communities –  sangha and ganachakra respectively. In Russia, Buddhist communities were integrated into the system of state-religious relations, which required centralization of religious community resulting in the fact that the administrative church structures took the central stage. Liberalization of state control of the religious activity in post-Soviet Russia led to the emergence of multiple secular Buddhist associations that practiced Mahayanist and tantric methods structured as ganachakra. The central place was held by the structure of religious hierarchy along with “Teacher – student” relations. The conclusion is made that such structural differentiation of Buddhist communities is the results of the natural course of self-determination of various traditions in the conditions of freedom of religion.

scholarly journals Hierarchical systems and their evolution in Buddhist communities of Central Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Sergei Nesterkin
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Hierarchical Systems ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Church Structures

This article examines the hierarchical systems established in Buddhist communities of Central Asia.  Hierarchies are viewed in the spiritual context: by level of taking of vows, educational attainment, level of practical implementation of knowledge, rank in the institution of “Reincarnated Lamas”; as well as hierarchies important in administrative context, such as levels of responsibility, governance of monasteries, rank within the structure of state administration, and interaction with government institutions. It is noted that genetically all of them ascend to Teacher – student hierarchy. This work explores the evolution of these hierarchies under the changing historical conditions, as well their complex interrelations. It is demonstrated that hierarchical system evolved depending on such factors, as the development of monastic education, increased role in the communities of “Reincarnated Lamas”, shift in the role of monasteries within state administration along with the role of government in regulation of the religious institutions. It is determined that hierarchies partially intersected, but also diverged due to the possibility of relatively autonomous practice of Sutra and Tantra, which formed different types of communities –  sangha and ganachakra respectively. In Russia, Buddhist communities were integrated into the system of state-religious relations, which required centralization of religious community resulting in the fact that the administrative church structures took the central stage. Liberalization of state control of the religious activity in post-Soviet Russia led to the emergence of multiple secular Buddhist associations that practiced Mahayanist and tantric methods structured as ganachakra. The central place was held by the structure of religious hierarchy along with “Teacher – student” relations. The conclusion is made that such structural differentiation of Buddhist communities is the results of the natural course of self-determination of various traditions in the conditions of freedom of religion.

Corruption and its Impact on Protest Activities in Post-communist Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Milan Školník
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Public Protest ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
The Impact

Corruption is a phenomenon that affects societies. It lowers trust in public institutions, lowers trust among people, undermines economic development, undermines democracy, and has implications for political participation. This article contributes to current debates on the impact of corruption by looking at other possible consequences of corruption. Specifically, this article looks at the impact of the perception of corruption on the approval of public protest meetings and demonstrations because, if corruption leads to these non-institutionalized forms of political participation, this may lead to security problems or a direct outbreak of violence. This study analyses this relationship by using seven post-communist countries that have undergone specific developments in terms of corruption. These developments were largely due to large-scale privatizations, politicized state administration, and the linking of politicians to the private sector. This research was conducted with individual-level data. The module ‘The Role of Government V’ from the International Social Survey Programme was used. Descriptive charts have revealed that in six out of the seven countries, most respondents considered politicians to be very corrupt. Around 80% of respondents in all seven countries approve of the organization of public protest meetings. Around 70% of respondents in all seven countries approve of demonstrations. Regression analysis revealed that there is a relationship between the perception of corruption among politicians and the approval of protest activities. Specifically, the more politicians are corrupt, the more people approve of holding public protest meetings and demonstrations.

scholarly journals POLITIK HUKUM PELEMBAGAAN KOMISI-KOMISI NEGARA DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bunyamin Alamsyah ◽  
Uu Nurul Huda
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
New Order ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Administration System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Government

During the 32 years of the New Order government certainly has its advantages and disadvantages, in terms of the development of infrastructure and supra-structure growing rapidly, but the journey has decreased function of government and its role even stagnant. Therefore, there was the Reform of 1998 in a variety of fields. In reply funsgi decline and the role of government under the Constitution of 1945, there was an opinion with the formation of a new organization outside the government. Gagsan ideas are realized with the establishment of committees that do not require the State budget a little, sometimes a clash of authority between committees also with government agencies. Committees should not be separated from the politics of law. Keywords: Institutionalization of Political Law, Commissions of the State, State Administration System

scholarly journals Bureaucratic Reform in the Perspective of State Administration Law

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5-1) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Lalu Angkasah ◽  
Huala Adolf ◽  
Gatot Dwi Hendro Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Role Of Government ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Future ◽  
Government Bureaucracy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Reform Model ◽  
Bureaucratic Reform ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract This study aims to (1) analyze the development of bureaucratic reform regulation in Indonesia; (2) analyze the aspects of State Administration Law within the Government Bureaucracy; (3) examine obstacles in the implementation of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia; and (4) find bureaucratic reform model in Indonesia in the future. The ideal model of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia in the future can only be realized by improving the quality of the implementation of responsive and pro-service public services. For that reason, it takes the role of government bureaucracy in improving the quality of service through various innovative policy strategies by utilizing the application of various systems of information technology and administration.

Raiders Activity on the Market for Corporate Control as a Product of Coercive Entrepreneurship Evolution

2007 ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
A. Kireev
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Control ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Market For Corporate Control ◽  
Basic Characteristics

The paper studies the problem of raiders activity on the market for corporate control. This activity is considered as a product of coercive entrepreneurship evolution. Their similarities and sharp distinctions are shown. The article presents the classification of raiders activity, discribes its basic characteristics and tendencies, defines the role of government in the process of its transformation.

Redefining the role of government in agriculture for the 1990's

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odin Knudsen ◽  
John Nash ◽  
James Bovard ◽  
Bruce Gardner ◽  
L. Alan Winters
Keyword(s):  
Role Of Government
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