Attribution of Decorative Marble Papers in the Study of Russian Binding of the 18th — early 20th centuries: Problems and Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Maria B. Zolotova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Correct Description ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
Technological Approach ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Definition Of

An important stage in the study and attribution of the Russian binding of the 18th — early 20th century is the description of the flyleaf and other elements of decorative paper. First of all, this applies to paper with marble drawings (marble paper), found in the Russian book since the 18th century. Modern researchers of Russian binding of the 18th — early 20th centuries face a number of problems related to the lack of literature on the topic, including methodological and reference, the lack of specialized collections and exhibitions of decorative paper in Russia and the lack of development in the domestic book science of the terminology for describing the binding materials. This article substantiates the need to create the nomenclature of drawings and link them to a certain chronological period. The author analyses three main groups of problems: terminological, systematization of marble drawings and their chronological correlation, problems of describing paper as a material. The first group includes different interpretations of term and unclear definition of many terms; phenomena of synonymy and polysemy when using particular names of drawings (patterns). Not only historians of the book, but also librarians, restorers, masters of individual binding, second-hand booksellers and bibliophiles have their own independently formed professional dictionary, which gives place to decorative papers. This inconsistency is reinforced by borrowing French, German and English terms, which, in turn, can also be duplicated. The author notes that systematization of decorative papers with marble drawings can be based on the methods of its colouring, but such a technological approach is not sufficient to describe a specific sample of marble paper. The article shows that various patterns periodically gained and lost popularity, then returned to bookbinding practice, but with a number of characteristic changes and additions. Correct description of the paper in binding is impossible without determining its origin (Russian/foreign), the method of production and colouring (manual/machine) and the specific properties of the material itself. At the same time, there are no methods and schemes for describing decorative paper grades. The article highlights that the development of such method will help to significantly narrow the chronological framework when attributing the binding.

Attribution of Decorative Marble Papers in the Study of Russian Binding of the 18th — early 20th centuries: Problems and Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Maria B. Zolotova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Correct Description ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
Technological Approach ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Definition Of

An important stage in the study and attribution of the Russian binding of the 18th — early 20th century is the description of the flyleaf and other elements of decorative paper. First of all, this applies to paper with marble drawings (marble paper), found in the Russian book since the 18th century. Modern researchers of Russian binding of the 18th — early 20th centuries face a number of problems related to the lack of literature on the topic, including methodological and reference, the lack of specialized collections and exhibitions of decorative paper in Russia and the lack of development in the domestic book science of the terminology for describing the binding materials. This article substantiates the need to create the nomenclature of drawings and link them to a certain chronological period. The author analyses three main groups of problems: terminological, systematization of marble drawings and their chronological correlation, problems of describing paper as a material. The first group includes different interpretations of term and unclear definition of many terms; phenomena of synonymy and polysemy when using particular names of drawings (patterns). Not only historians of the book, but also librarians, restorers, masters of individual binding, second-hand booksellers and bibliophiles have their own independently formed professional dictionary, which gives place to decorative papers. This inconsistency is reinforced by borrowing French, German and English terms, which, in turn, can also be duplicated. The author notes that systematization of decorative papers with marble drawings can be based on the methods of its colouring, but such a technological approach is not sufficient to describe a specific sample of marble paper. The article shows that various patterns periodically gained and lost popularity, then returned to bookbinding practice, but with a number of characteristic changes and additions. Correct description of the paper in binding is impossible without determining its origin (Russian/foreign), the method of production and colouring (manual/machine) and the specific properties of the material itself. At the same time, there are no methods and schemes for describing decorative paper grades. The article highlights that the development of such method will help to significantly narrow the chronological framework when attributing the binding.

scholarly journals Restoration Work in the Main Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 51-71
Author(s):  
Urszula Kraśniewska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Mediterranean Archaeology ◽  
The University ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari was, starting from the early 18th century, gradually discovered, and has been analyzed by many researchers and scientists. In the late 19th century E. Naville was the first to concentrate to an significant extent on the Sanctuary rooms, which resulted in the elaboration of a vast architectural description prepared by Somers Clarke, his cooperator. In the early 20th century, Herbert Winlock conducted studies and analyses of the Sanctuary rooms. In 1961, a concession for conducting works was assigned to the Polish Station of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, directed by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski. Since that time, Polish Missions have conducted numerous architectural and conservation as well as epigraphic works, gradually ordering and reconstructing the Sanctuary.

Russian Empire’s Religious Institutions in the 18th - Early 20th Century: The Evolution of “Friend - Alien - Foe” Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Alexandre Yu. Bendin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian governments three principal institutions to regulate the empires diverse religions from the 18th to the early 20th century are examined. Its author describes the evolution of these bodies, their features and purpose, as well as defining the concept of religious security by analyzing its specific historical content. The author also discusses the relationship between the institutions of the official Russian Church, religious tolerance for foreign confessions, and discrimination against the Old Believers through the prism of friend - alien - foe relations. This approach helps us understand the hierarchical nature of the relations and contradictions that existed between the institutions, whose activities regulated the religious life of the Russian Empires subjects until 1905. The article goes on to analyze the relationship between the official legal status of the Russian Church, imperial tolerance, and religious discrimination. It concludes that the formation of the three state-religious institutions that began in the 18th century ended during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. That time saw the beginning of the gradual evolution of friend - alien - foe inter-institutional relations, which peaked under Emperor Nicholas in 1904-1906. The author also considers the changes in the governments policy towards the Russian schism of the 17th century, which ultimately removed the friend-or-foe opposition in the relations between the Russian state, the Russian Church and the schismatic Old Believers. In accordance with the modernized legislation on religious tolerance, lawful Old Believers and sectarians moved from the category of religious and political foes to that of aliens, to which foreign confessions traditionally belonged. Under the new legal and political conditions, intolerance and religious discrimination against the schism ceased to be an instrument of state policy.

scholarly journals Project PHaEDRA: Preserving Harvard’s Early Data and Research in Astronomy

2018 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 07003
Author(s):  
Daina Bouquin ◽  
Katie Frey ◽  
Maria McEachern ◽  
James Damon ◽  
Daniel Guarracino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
Early Data ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Science Fair ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
Harvard College Observatory

The staff of Wolbach Library, in collaboration with partners at both the Smith-sonian Institution and Harvard University, has begun a complex digitization and transcriptioneffort aimed at making a large collection of historical astronomy research more findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). This collection of material was originally produced from the mid-18th century through the early 20th century by researchers at the Harvard College Observatory and was recently re-discovered in the HCO Plate Stacks holdings. The team of professionals supporting the effort to make this century and a half old science FAIR have developed a novel, distributed workflow to ensure that people can engage critically with this material to the fullest extent possible. The project’s workflow is guided by the collections as data imperative conceptual frameworks and is now being referred to as Project PHaEDRA, or Preserving Harvard’s Early Data and Research in Astronomy.

Classical Architecture in Europe and North America since 1700

Classics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Classical Architecture ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The 19Th Century

Since the Western Roman Empire collapsed, classical, or Greco-Roman, architecture has served as a model to articulate the cultural, artistic, political, and ideological goals of later civilizations, empires, nations, and individuals. The Renaissance marked the first major, widespread re-engagement with classical antiquity in art, literature, and architecture. Debates over classical antiquity and its relation to the modern world continued ever since. One such important debate was that of the quarrel between the Ancients and Moderns, which resulted when Charles Perrault published his Parallèles des anciens et des modernes in 1688. This dispute focused on whether the modern age could surpass antiquity, especially in literature. The Greco-Roman controversy (1750s and 1760s) was another example of Europeans engaging with the classical past; this debate focused on whether Greek or Roman art was of greater historical value; an argument has continued unabated to this day. Figures like Johann Joachim Winckelmann argued (in publications such as Winckelmann 1764, cited under Early Archaeological Publications on Greece and Classical Ruins in the Roman East, on Greek art) for the supremacy of Greek forms, while others like Giovanni Battista Piranesi (whose 1748–1778 views of Rome are reproduced in Ficacci 2011, cited under Early Archaeological Publications on Italy) advocated for Rome’s preeminence. Such debates demonstrate how classical antiquity was an essential part of the intellectual and artistic milieu of 18th-century Europe. This bibliography focuses on the appropriation of classical architecture in the creation of built forms from 1700 to the present in Europe and North America, which is typically called neoclassical or neo-classical, both of which are acceptable. Scholars often define the neoclassical period as lasting from c. 1750 to 1830, when European art and architecture predominantly appropriated classical forms and ideas. The influence of classical architecture continued in popularity throughout the 19th century and early 20th century in the United States. The early 19th century saw the flourishing of the Greek Revival, where Greek forms dominated artistic and architectural production, both in Europe and the United States. The ascendance of Queen Victoria in 1837 marked a shift toward a preference for the Gothic and Medieval forms. Neoclassical forms saw a resurgence in the second half of the 19th century, as Roman architectural forms became increasingly popular as an expression of empire. The term “Neo-classical” was coined as early as January 1872 by Robert Kerr, who used the term positively. It later took on certain negative overtones, when it was used as a derogatory epithet by an unknown writer in the Times of London in 1892. Neoclassical architecture has fared no better with the rise of modernism in the early 20th century onward and since then it has been seen as old-fashioned and derivative. Neoclassical architecture was not a mindless imitation of classical architectural forms and interiors. The interest in classical architecture and the creation of neoclassical architecture was spurred on by important archaeological discoveries in the mid-18th century, which widened the perception of Greek and Roman buildings. The remarkable flexibility of ancient architecture to embody the grandeur of an empire, as well as the principles of a nascent democracy, meant that it had great potential to be interpreted and reinterpreted by countless architects, patrons, empires, and nation states—in different ways and at different times from the 18th to the 20th century. This bibliography is organized thematically (e.g., General Overviews; Companions, Handbooks, and Theoretical Works; Reference Works; Early General Archaeological Publications; The Reception of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and the Bay of Naples; and World’s Fairs and Expositions) and then geographically, creating country- or region-specific bibliographies. While this model of organization has some flaws, it aims to avoid repetition and highlights the interconnected nature and process of the reception of classical architecture in later periods.

Defectives at the World's Fair

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES W. TRENT
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
World's Fair ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
American Imperialism ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
Definition Of

ABSTRACT From displays of so-called defectives and primitives at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, early 20th-century authorities shaped a definition of abnormality that they showed to a curious public. Complementing these displays were discourses about disability that proposed schemes for education, custody, sterilization, and even extermination. Like the displays of defectives, the discourses about defectives paralleled discourses about primitive races that appeared at the turn of the century to rationalize American imperialism. Together, the displays and discourses of defectives and primitive races shaped an understanding of science and education. In so doing, they also provided American elites a way of distinguishing between improvable and unimprovable inferiors (see Note).

scholarly journals Kalendarze z kolekcji Ignacego Wolskiego w zbiorach Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 223-255
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Lubera
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
National Museum ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Time

A small but valuable collection of calendars was donated to the National Museum in Krakow in 1896, 1898 and 1906 by Ignacy Wolski, a Warsaw bibliophile. In the article an overview of these publications is given for the first time. The donation consists of calendars diverse in form and content, published from the end of the 18th century to the early 20th century. Only ten of them were found during the research in the Museum. Most of the preserved calendars was marked with characteristic provenance stamps or stickers;a part of them has some historical notes written by Wolski. They are a great testimony of the past. Wolski’s motifs and idea behind collecting calendars and leaving these publications for future generations in the Museum were also presented in the article.

5. The perils of modernity

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Beller
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Racial Theory ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Rational Side

In addition to the ‘irrationalist’ critique of ‘Jewish’ modernity that informed some antisemitism, there was another, ‘rational’ side to antisemitism. ‘The perils of modernity’ considers the irony that the biggest threat to Jews in Central and Eastern Europe was the modernization of society given the form that this modernization took. The influence of racial theory was also closely bound up with the much increased prestige of nationalism in early 20th-century Europe. Once the definition of modernity had shifted to the more ‘organic’ and collectivist model, in which the ‘reactionary rationalism’ of biological thinking—and race—played such a large role, Jewish difference became racially defined, and hence impossible to overcome.

The Carlo Gamba collection of fashion plates in the Biblioteca Maruceluana

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Todros
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Fashion Designers

The Biblioteca Marucelliana, a public amenity and a reflection of Florentine cultural life since its foundation early in the 18th century, is the home of a collection of 19th century and early 20th century fashion plates, donated in 1965 by Count Carlo Gamba. This collection is used by both scholars and students, including students training to be theatre and fashion designers.

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