scholarly journals Pre-Conscious Automaticity of Sound-­‐Shape Mapping

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
Shao-Min Hung ◽  
Suzy J. Styles ◽  
Po-­Jang Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Arbitrary Mapping ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
Shape Mapping ◽  
Sensory Processes ◽  
Different Cultures

The bouba–kiki effect depicts a non-arbitrary mapping between specific shapes and non-words: an angular shape is more often named with a sharp sound like ‘kiki’, while a curved shape is more often matched to a blunter sound like ‘bouba’. This effect shows a natural tendency of sound-shape pairing and has been shown to take place among adults who have different mother tongues (Ramachandran & Hubbard, 2001), pre-schoolers (Maurer, Pathman, & Mondloch, 2006), and even four-month-olds (Ozturk, Krehm, & Vouloumanos, 2013). These studies therefore establish that similar sound-to-shape mappings could happen among different cultures and early in development, suggesting the mappings may be innate and possibly universal. However, it remains unclear what level of mental processing gives rise to these perceptions: the mappings could rely on introspective processes about ‘goodness-of-fit,’ or they could rely on automatic sensory processes which are active prior to conscious awareness. Here we designed several experiments to directly examine the automaticity of the bouba-kiki effect. Specifically, we examined whether the congruency of a sound-shape pair can be processed before access to awareness?

Can a Word Sound Like a Shape Before You Have Seen It? Sound-Shape Mapping Prior to Conscious Awareness

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Min Hung ◽  
Suzy J. Styles ◽  
Po-Jang Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Auditory Word ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Shape Mapping ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Level Of Processing

Nonarbitrary mappings between sound and shape (i.e., the bouba-kiki effect) have been shown across different cultures and early in development; however, the level of processing at which this effect arises remains unclear. Here we show that the mapping occurs prior to conscious awareness of the visual stimuli. Under continuous flash suppression, congruent stimuli (e.g., “kiki” inside an angular shape) broke through to conscious awareness faster than incongruent stimuli. This was true even when we trained people to pair unfamiliar letters with auditory word forms, a result showing that the effect was driven by the phonology, not the visual features, of the letters. Furthermore, visibility thresholds of the shapes decreased when they were preceded by a congruent auditory word form in a masking paradigm. Taken together, our results suggest that sound-shape mapping can occur automatically prior to conscious awareness of visual shapes, and that sensory congruence facilitates conscious awareness of a stimulus being present.

Validation of the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) using modern test theory across different cultures and languages: a cross-sectional study of 452 male athletes with groin pain

2021 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2021-104412
Author(s):  
Karl Bang Christensen ◽  
Mikkel Bek Clausen ◽  
Enda King ◽  
Andrew Franklyn-Miller ◽  
Joar Harøy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
English Language ◽  
Groin Pain ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Outcome Score ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Conversion Tables

BkgroundNo studies have tested the validity of the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) using modern test theory, across different cultures and languages.ObjectiveTo validate the Danish, English and Norwegian versions of HAGOS and its six subscales (Symptoms (S, Item 1–7), Pain (P, Item 1–10), activities of daily living (Item 1–5), Sport and recreation (Sport/rec, Item 1–8), Participation in physical activity (item 1–2) and quality of life (item 1–5)) by evaluating differential item functioning (DIF) and measurement invariance across the three language versions in male multidirectional team athletes with groin pain. Second, to modify subscales depending on goodness-of-fit to the item response theory models and calculate conversion tables if language DIF was observed.MethodsWe included individual responses to the Danish (n=157), English (n=146) and Norwegian (n=149) language versions of HAGOS from 452 athletes (median age 24 years old, range 20–28) with groin pain. Overall fit, model fit, individual item fit, local response dependence and measurement invariance was examined using confirmatory factor analysis and graphical Rasch models.ResultsThe removal of seven misfitting items (S2, P1, P2, A4, SP1, SP5, Q3) resulted in 6 HAGOS subscales with acceptable psychometric properties. For the Symptoms, Pain and Sports subscales evidence of DIF was disclosed between the three different language-versions of HAGOS and conversion tables were created.ConclusionsA revised HAGOS derived using modern test theory provides valid measurements for male multidirectional athletes with groin pain across different cultures and languages. Conversion tables must be applied to compare HAGOS scores from Danish, Norwegian and English language versions.

scholarly journals Executive branch federal civil servant mortality by sex and educational level - 1993/2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (75) ◽  
pp. 445-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaizo Iwakami Beltrão ◽  
Sonoe Sugahara
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Actuarial Studies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT Life tables have been elaborated throughout much of human history. However, the first life table to use actuarial concepts was only constructed in 1815 by Milne for the city of Carlisle in England. Since then, numerous tables have been elaborated for different regions and countries, due to their crucial importance for analyzing various types of problems covering a vast range of possibilities, from actuarial studies to forecasting and evaluating demands in order to define public policies. The most common problem nowadays in an actuarial calculation is choosing a suitable table for a given population. Brazil has few specific tables for the pensions market and has been using imported tables that refer to other countries, with different cultures and different mortality experiences. Using data from the Integrated Human Resource Administration System, this table constructs life tables for Executive branch federal civil servants for the period from 1993 to 2014, disaggregated for sex, age, and educational level (high school and university). The international literature has recognized differences in mortality due to sex, socioeconomic differences, and occupation. The creation of the Complementary Pension Foundation for Federal Public Servants in 2013 requires specific mortality tables for this population to support actuarial studies, healthcare, and personnel policies. A mathematical equation is fitted to the data. This equation can be broken down into infant mortality (not present in the data), mortality from external causes, and mortality from senescence. Recent results acknowledging an upper limit for old age mortality are incorporated into the adjusted probabilities of death. Assuming a binomial distribution for deaths, the deviance was used as a figure of merit to evaluate the goodness of fit of the observed data both to a set of tables used by the insurance/pensions market and to the adjusted tables.

scholarly journals Can a word sound sharp before you have seen it? Sound-shape mapping prior to conscious awareness

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Po-Jang Hsieh ◽  
Shao-Min Hung ◽  
Suzy Styles
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Shape Mapping

scholarly journals “There Is No (Where a) Face Like Home”: Recognition and Appraisal Responses to Masked Facial Dialects of Emotion in Four Different National Cultures

Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110559
Author(s):  
Myron Tsikandilakis ◽  
Zhaoliang Yu ◽  
Leonie Kausel ◽  
Gonzalo Boncompte ◽  
Renzo C. Lanfranco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Detection And Recognition

The theory of universal emotions suggests that certain emotions such as fear, anger, disgust, sadness, surprise and happiness can be encountered cross-culturally. These emotions are expressed using specific facial movements that enable human communication. More recently, theoretical and empirical models have been used to propose that universal emotions could be expressed via discretely different facial movements in different cultures due to the non-convergent social evolution that takes place in different geographical areas. This has prompted the consideration that own-culture emotional faces have distinct evolutionary important sociobiological value and can be processed automatically, and without conscious awareness. In this paper, we tested this hypothesis using backward masking. We showed, in two different experiments per country of origin, to participants in Britain, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore, backward masked own and other-culture emotional faces. We assessed detection and recognition performance, and self-reports for emotionality and familiarity. We presented thorough cross-cultural experimental evidence that when using Bayesian assessment of non-parametric receiver operating characteristics and hit-versus-miss detection and recognition response analyses, masked faces showing own cultural dialects of emotion were rated higher for emotionality and familiarity compared to other-culture emotional faces and that this effect involved conscious awareness.

Understanding the Communication Needs of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students Who Are Deafblind

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Sandy K. Bowen ◽  
Silvia M. Correa-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Culturally And Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Linguistically Diverse Students ◽  
The Past ◽  
Communication Needs ◽  
Different Cultures

America's population is more diverse than ever before. The prevalence of students who are culturally and/or linguistically diverse (CLD) has been steadily increasing over the past decade. The changes in America's demographics require teachers who provide services to students with deafblindness to have an increased awareness of different cultures and diversity in today's classrooms, particularly regarding communication choices. Children who are deafblind may use spoken language with appropriate amplification, sign language or modified sign language, and/or some form of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC).

Investigating biases in trainee counsellors' attitudes to clients from different cultures

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-428
Author(s):  
Anita Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Different Cultures

Applying the Anderson-Darling Test to Suicide Clusters

Crisis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 434-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Process ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Homogeneous Poisson Process ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Suicide Clusters ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Anderson Darling

Background: Suicide clusters at Cornell University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) prompted popular and expert speculation of suicide contagion. However, some clustering is to be expected in any random process. Aim: This work tested whether suicide clusters at these two universities differed significantly from those expected under a homogeneous Poisson process, in which suicides occur randomly and independently of one another. Method: Suicide dates were collected for MIT and Cornell for 1990–2012. The Anderson-Darling statistic was used to test the goodness-of-fit of the intervals between suicides to distribution expected under the Poisson process. Results: Suicides at MIT were consistent with the homogeneous Poisson process, while those at Cornell showed clustering inconsistent with such a process (p = .05). Conclusions: The Anderson-Darling test provides a statistically powerful means to identify suicide clustering in small samples. Practitioners can use this method to test for clustering in relevant communities. The difference in clustering behavior between the two institutions suggests that more institutions should be studied to determine the prevalence of suicide clustering in universities and its causes.

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