Electrochemical Cell Equipment for Salinity Gradient Power Generation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit Bag
Keyword(s):  
Present Method ◽  
Electrochemical Cell ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Concentration Cell ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Pressure Retarded Osmosis ◽  
Very High

Extraction of electricity from the salinity gradient of sea water-river water interface has drawn the key interest of sustainable energy researchers. Different technologies are in the spot light − such as pressure retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, ionic diode membrane, mixing entropy battery, microbial fuel cell, etc. In the present work, electrochemical cell equipment is used for this purpose. Two different techniques are described − galvanic cell equipment (GCEQ) and concentration cell equipment (CCEQ). It is observed that, the extracted energy density is very high (up to 95 W m<sup>−2</sup> ) compared with the other methods of the same kind reported so far. Implementation of these methods is trivial. Thus, we may conclude that present method will fulfill our requirement of sustainable energy resource.<br><br>

Electrochemical Cell Equipment for Salinity Gradient Power Generation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit Bag
Keyword(s):  
Present Method ◽  
Electrochemical Cell ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Concentration Cell ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Pressure Retarded Osmosis ◽  
Very High

Extraction of electricity from the salinity gradient of sea water-river water interface has drawn the key interest of sustainable energy researchers. Different technologies are in the spot light − such as pressure retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, ionic diode membrane, mixing entropy battery, microbial fuel cell, etc. In the present work, electrochemical cell equipment is used for this purpose. Two different techniques are described − galvanic cell equipment (GCEQ) and concentration cell equipment (CCEQ). It is observed that, the extracted energy density is very high (up to 95 W m<sup>−2</sup> ) compared with the other methods of the same kind reported so far. Implementation of these methods is trivial. Thus, we may conclude that present method will fulfill our requirement of sustainable energy resource.<br><br>

Experimental Study on Energy Harvesting From Salinity Gradient by Reverse Electrodialysis in Ag/AgCl Deposited AAO Nanochannel Array

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeongdong Kang ◽  
Moojoong Kim ◽  
Hyungmin Joo ◽  
Hyun Jung Kim ◽  
Dong-Kwon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Rear Surface ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Silver Layer ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Nanochannel Array

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is energy conversion phenomena which generates electricity from concentration gradient energy by mixing the ions in sea water with fresh water through ion-selective nanochannel. When nanochannels are filled with an aqueous solution, the surface of nanochannels is charged by ionization, ion adsorption, and ion dissolution. Therefore, co-ions are repelled from the nanochannels and only counter-ions can be transported through the nanochannels. As a result, the electric current can be generated by selective ion transport through the nanochannels from sea water to fresh water. Recently, solid-state nanochannels or nanopores have received attention because they have potential to replace polymer ion-selective membranes. Especially, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanochannel array has advantage of easiness of pore size control and high pore density. In the present study, to collect electric current generated by the nanochannels, we deposited the porous silver layer on both front and rear surface of the AAO nanochannel array by using e-beam evaporation and changed the silver layer to the silver/silver chloride layer by chemical oxidation with aqueous FeCl3. Finally, we conduct an experimental investigation for the power generation from the AAO nanochannel arrays placed between two potassium chloride solutions with various combinations of concentrations.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Pressure-Retarded Osmosis for Electricity Generation at Low Temperatures

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Elham Abbasi-Garravand ◽  
Catherine N. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pressure Retarded Osmosis ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Gradient Energy ◽  
Temperature Impact

A membrane-based technique for production of pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) is salinity gradient energy. This sustainable energy is formed by combining salt and fresh waters. The membrane of the PRO process has a significant effect on controlling the salinity gradient energy or osmotic energy generation. Membrane fouling and operating conditions such as temperature have an extreme influence on the efficiency of the PRO processes because of their roles in salt and water transportation through the PRO membranes. In this study, the temperature impact on the power density and the fouling of two industrial semi-permeable membranes in the PRO system was investigated using river and synthetic sea water. Based on the findings, the power densities were 17.1 and 14.2 W/m2 at 5 °C for flat sheet and hollow fiber membranes, respectively. This is the first time that research indicates that power density at low temperature is feasible for generating electricity using PRO processes. These results can be promising for regions with high PRO potential that experience low temperatures most of the year.

scholarly journals Salinity-gradient power: Evaluation of pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 288 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan W. Post ◽  
Joost Veerman ◽  
Hubertus V.M. Hamelers ◽  
Gerrit J.W. Euverink ◽  
Sybrand J. Metz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Pressure Retarded Osmosis ◽  
Power Evaluation ◽  
Salinity Gradient Power

Potential of Electricity Generation by the Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion Technologies in the System of Urmia Lake-Gadar Chay River

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Emdadi ◽  
Yunus Emami ◽  
Mansour Zenouzi ◽  
Amir Lak ◽  
Behzad Panahirad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Urmia Lake ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Pressure Retarded Osmosis ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Gradient Energy ◽  
Conversion Technologies

Energy production from salinity gradients is one of the developing renewable energy sources, and has significant potential for satisfying electrical demands. Urmia Lake is the second hyper-saline lake in the world and there is a significant salinity gradient between the lake’s water and the waters of those rivers that flow into the lake. A methodology for determining the feasibility for electrical production using Salinity Gradient Power (SGP) is developed for two different types of systems using this location as an example. Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) and Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO), The Gadar Chay River is one of thirteen rivers that run into Urmia Lake; it supports about 10% of the lake’s water. In this study, important parameters such as river discharge and the salinity content of river and lake’s waters for several years were investigated. The theoretical and technical potential of salinity gradient energy was also determined. These calculations indicate that 206.08 MW of electrical power could be produced at this location when the river flow is approximately 29.82 m3/s and they illustrates the potential for salinity gradient energy extraction between Urmia Lake and The Gadar Chay River.

scholarly journals Concept for energy harvesting from the salinity gradient on the basis of geothermal water

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Marek Bryjak ◽  
Nalan Kabay ◽  
Enver Güler ◽  
Barbara Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Geothermal Water ◽  
Renewable Energy Resource ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Research Concept ◽  
World Geothermal

The use of renewable energy resource is usually directed to solar, wind or hydroelectric stations. However, there are other sources for getting the ‘green energy’. One of them is geothermal source, the energy stored in the underground fluids. In the world, geothermal water is used mostly for heating purposes, greenhouses, agriculture, for generation of warm water, therapeutic and recreational purposes and to generate electricity in power stations. After these uses, geothermal water is usually seen as waste water. This research presents the idea for innovative energy harvesting from the salinity gradient on the basis of waste geothermal water. Two methods are analyzed to be used: capacitive mixing (CAPMIX) and reverse electrodialysis (RED). The aim of the research concept is analysis for testing the applicability of both methods in energy harvesting from mixing of saline geothermal water and RO brine with water, before its re-injection to underground reservoirs.

scholarly journals Fatigue crack initiation and growth on a steel in the very high cycle regime with sea water corrosion

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1953-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Palin-Luc ◽  
Rubén Pérez-Mora ◽  
Claude Bathias ◽  
Gonzalo Domínguez ◽  
Paul C. Paris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Fatigue Crack Initiation ◽  
Very High

Investigation and Optimization of the Effects of Geologic Parameters on the Performance of Gravity-Stable Surfactant Floods

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 761-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shayan Tavassoli ◽  
Gary A. Pope ◽  
Kamy Sepehrnoori
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Fine Grid ◽  
Heterogeneous Reservoirs ◽  
Vertical Permeability ◽  
Well Spacing ◽  
Optimization Schemes ◽  
Very High

Summary A systematic simulation study of gravity-stable surfactant flooding was performed to understand the conditions under which it is practical and to optimize its performance. Different optimization schemes were introduced to minimize the effects of geologic parameters and to improve the performance and the economics of surfactant floods. The simulations were carried out by use of horizontal wells in heterogeneous reservoirs. The results show that one can perform gravity-stable surfactant floods at a reasonable velocity and with very-high sweep efficiencies for reservoirs with high vertical permeability. These simulations were carried out with a 3D fine grid and a third-order finite-difference method to accurately model fingering. A sensitivity study was conducted to investigate the effects of heterogeneity and well spacing. The simulations were performed with realistic surfactant properties on the basis of laboratory experiments. The critical velocity for a stable surfactant flood is a function of the microemulsion (ME) viscosity, and it turns out there is an optimum value that one can use to significantly increase the velocity and still be stable. One can optimize the salinity gradient to gradually change the ME viscosity. Another alternative is to inject a low-concentration polymer drive following the surfactant slug (without polymer). Polymer complicates the process and adds to its cost without a significant benefit in most gravity-stable surfactant floods, but an exception is when the reservoir is highly layered. The effect of an aquifer on gravity-stable surfactant floods was also investigated, and strategies were developed for minimizing its effect on the process.

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