scholarly journals Prevalence of viral co-infection among COVID-19 cases in association disease severity and oral hygiene

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zeina S Adham ◽  
Batool H Al-Ghurabi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immune Impairment ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Age Range

Background: In December 2019, an episode of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) was reported in Wuhan, China and has spread around the world, increasing the number of contagions. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are common herpesviruses that can cause persistent latent infections and affect the developing immune system.The study was conducted to explore the prevalence and reactivation of CMV and EBV antibodies in COVID-19 patients group in comparison to healthy group and to investigate the association between the presence of these viruses with each of severity of disease and oral hygiene. Materials and Methods: Eighty Five subjects were participated in this case control study (50 patients with COVID-19 and 35 healthy controls), their age range from 18 to 77 years. Oral health status was established by oral hygiene index. Serum obtained from patients and controls was analyzed using ELISA to assess levels of anti- CMV and anti- EBV antibodies. Results: The study revealed that the mean of anti-EBV IgG in patients was significantly elevated (p<0.01) than that in controls. Otherwise, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in levels of anti- EBV IgM, anti- CMV IgG and IgM between two groups (P>0.05). In addition there were no significant differences between patients and controls (p>0.05) in the number and percentage of anti-EBV and anti-CMV antibodies. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in the level of anti-CMV IgM in severe cases as compared to mild cases, (P<0.01). Furthermore, these results revealed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in levels of anti-viral antibodies in patients with good oral hygiene compared to patients with poor oral hygiene. Conclusions: Higher frequency of anti-EBV IgG among patients indicates that latent infection is more common in COVID-19 patients. While an increased percentage of anti-CMV IgM indicated reactivation of latent infection and is related to disease severity suggesting that COVID-19 can cause cellular immune impairment.

scholarly journals TRAF1 Is a Critical Regulator of JNK Signaling by the TRAF-Binding Domain of the Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Latent Infection Membrane Protein 1 but Not CD40

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 1316-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristides G. Eliopoulos ◽  
Elyse R. Waites ◽  
Sarah M. S. Blake ◽  
Clare Davies ◽  
Paul Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Tnf Receptor ◽  
Jnk Signaling ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Jnk Activation

ABSTRACT The oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent infection membrane protein 1 (LMP1) mimics a constitutive active tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family receptor in its ability to recruit TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) and TNF receptor-associated death domain protein (TRADD) in a ligand-independent manner. As a result, LMP1 constitutively engages signaling pathways, such as the JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), the transcription factor NF-κB, and the JAK/STAT cascade, and these activities may explain many of its pleiotropic effects on cell phenotype, growth, and transformation. In this study we demonstrate the ability of the TRAF-binding domain of LMP1 to signal on the JNK/AP-1 axis in a cell type- dependent manner that critically involves TRAF1 and TRAF2. Thus, expression of this LMP1 domain in TRAF1-positive lymphoma cells promotes significant JNK activation, which is blocked by dominant-negative TRAF2 but not TRAF5. However, TRAF1 is absent in many established epithelial cell lines and primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsy specimens. In these cells, JNK activation by the TRAF-binding domain of LMP1 depends on the reconstitution of TRAF1 expression. The critical role of TRAF1 in the regulation of TRAF2-dependent JNK signaling is particular to the TRAF-binding domain of LMP1, since a homologous region in the cytoplasmic tail of CD40 or the TRADD-interacting domain of LMP1 signal on the JNK axis independently of TRAF1 status. These data further dissect the signaling components used by LMP1 and identify a novel role for TRAF1 as a modulator of oncogenic signals.

scholarly journals Establishment and Maintenance of Gammaherpesvirus Latency Are Independent of Infective Dose and Route of Infection

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (13) ◽  
pp. 7696-7701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Tibbetts ◽  
Joy Loh ◽  
Victor van Berkel ◽  
James S. McClellan ◽  
Meagan A. Jacoby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Murine Gammaherpesvirus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Route Of Infection ◽  
Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT Gammaherpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are important human pathogens that establish long-term latent infections. Understanding of the initiation and maintenance of latent infections has important implications for the prevention and treatment of gammaherpesvirus-related diseases. Although much is known about gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, it is unclear how the infectious dose of a virus influences its ability to establish latent infection. To examine the relationship between the infectious dose and gammaherpesvirus latency, we inoculated wild-type mice with 0.01 to 106 PFU of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) and quantitatively measured latency and acute-phase replication. Surprisingly, during latency, the frequencies of ex vivo reactivation were similar over a 107-fold range of doses for i.p. infection and over a 104-fold range of doses for intranasal infection. Further, the frequencies of cells harboring viral genome during latency did not differ substantially over similar dose ranges. Although the kinetics of acute-phase replication were delayed at small doses of virus, the peak titer did not differ significantly between mice infected with a large dose of virus and those infected with a small dose of virus. The results presented here indicate that any initiation of infection leads to substantial acute-phase replication and subsequent establishment of a maximal level of latency. Thus, infections with doses as small as 0.1 PFU of γHV68 result in stable levels of acute-phase replication and latent infection. These results demonstrate that the equilibrium level of establishment of gammaherpesvirus latency is independent of the infectious dose and route of infection.

HAUSP/USP7 as an Epstein–Barr virus target

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Holowaty ◽  
L. Frappier
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Cellular Immortalization ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Epstein Barr Nuclear Antigen

USP7 (also called HAUSP) is a de-ubiquitinating enzyme recently identified as a key regulator of the p53–mdm2 pathway, which stabilizes both p53 and mdm2. We have discovered that the Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen 1 protein of Epstein–Barr virus binds with high affinity to USP7 and disrupts the USP7–p53 interaction. The results have important implications for the role of Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen 1 in the cellular immortalization that is typical of an Epstein–Barr virus latent infection.

scholarly journals Epstein-Barr Virus Facilitates Expression of KLF14 by Regulating the Cooperative Binding of the E2F-Rb-HDAC Complex in Latent Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonggang Pei ◽  
Josiah Hiu-yuen Wong ◽  
Hem Chandra Jha ◽  
Tian Tian ◽  
Zhi Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Repressor Complex ◽  
Tumor Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered as the first human tumor virus more than 50 years ago. EBV infects more than 90% of the human population worldwide and is associated with numerous hematologic malignancies and epithelial malignancies. EBV establishes latent infection in B cells, which is the typical program seen in lymphomagenesis. Understanding EBV-mediated transcription regulatory networks is one of the current challenges that will uncover new insights into the mechanism of viral-mediated lymphomagenesis. Here, we describe the regulatory profiles of several cellular factors (E2F6, E2F1, Rb, HDAC1, and HDAC2) together with EBV latent nuclear antigens using next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Our results show that the E2F-Rb-HDAC complex exhibits similar distributions in genomic regions of EBV-positive cells and is associated with oncogenic super-enhancers involving long-range regulatory regions. Furthermore, EBV latent antigens cooperatively hijack this complex to bind at KLFs gene loci and facilitate KLF14 gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These results demonstrate that EBV latent antigens can function as master regulators of this multisubunit repressor complex (E2F-Rb-HDAC) to reverse its suppressive activities and facilitate downstream gene expression that can contribute to viral-induced lymphomagenesis. These results provide novel insights into targets for the development of new therapeutic interventions for treating EBV-associated lymphomas. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as the first human tumor virus, infects more than 90% of the human population worldwide and is associated with numerous human cancers. Exploring EBV-mediated transcription regulatory networks is critical to understand viral-associated lymphomagenesis. However, the detailed mechanism is not fully explored. Now we describe the regulatory profiles of the E2F-Rb-HDAC complex together with EBV latent antigens, and we found that EBV latent antigens cooperatively facilitate KLF14 expression by antagonizing this multisubunit repressor complex in EBV-positive cells. This provides potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers.

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with acute COVID-19 with Epstein-Barr virus reactivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Xie ◽  
Song Cao ◽  
Hui Dong ◽  
Hui Lv ◽  
Xiaolei Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Virus Reactivation ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Reactivation ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Single Center Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus Reactivation

Abstract Background Our goal is to further elucidate the clinical condition and prognosis of patients with severe acute COVID-19 with EBV reactivation. Method This is a retrospective single-center study of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Wuhan No. 3 Hospital (January 31 to March 27, 2020). According to whether Epstein-Barr virus reactivation was detected, the patients were divided into an EBV group and a Non-EBV group. Baseline data were collected including epidemiological, larithmics, clinical and imaging characteristics, and laboratory examination data. Results Of the 128 patients with COVID-19, 17 (13.3%) were infected with Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. In the symptoms,the rate of tachypnoea in the EBV group was apparently higher than that in the Non-EBV group. In lab tests, the lymphocyte and albumin of EBV group decreased more significantly than Non-EBV group, and the D-dimer and serum calcium of EBV group was higher than Non-EBV group. Regarding the infection index, CRP of EBV group was apparently above the Non-EBV group, and no significant difference was found in procalcitonin of the two groups. The incidence of respiratory failure, ARDS, and hypoproteinaemia of EBV group had more incidence than Non-EBV group. The 28-day and 14-day mortality rates of EBV group was significantly higher than that of Non-EBV group. Conclusions In the COVID-19 patients, patients with EBV reactivation had higher 28-day and 14-day mortality rates and received more immuno-supportive treatment than patients of Non-EBV group.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Epstein Barr Virus in biopsy specimens of nasopharyngeal carcinoma from Serbian patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Banko ◽  
Ivana Lazarevic ◽  
M. Folic ◽  
Maja Cupic ◽  
Tanja Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ebv Dna ◽  
Epstein Barr

The development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the result of interaction between Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and many non-viral factors. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of EBV in NPC biopsies from Serbian patients and to investigate the correlation between EBV presence and demographic, anamnestic and clinical data. Ninety-three tissue blocks were included. For detection of EBV DNA, the C terminus of the LMP1 gene was amplified by nested-PCR. Twenty-eight biopsies were EBV-DNA-positive (30.1%), with a statistically significant difference in EBV DNA presence between geographical regions (p=0.02) and between the stages of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) (p=0.02). A correlation was also found with the presence of EBV DNA and smoking (p=0.02). The correlation of EBV DNA presence, with or without smoking and the promising outcome of the disease was statistically significant (p=0.02; p=0.01). The EBV DNA findings from this study confirm the role of EBV in NPC carcinogenesis, and show the different distribution among TNM stages and correlation between the virus and outcome of disease.

scholarly journals Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 Does Not Cause Lymphoma in C57BL/6J Mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 4180-4183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Soo Kang ◽  
Vishal Soni ◽  
Roderick Bronson ◽  
Elliott Kieff
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Mouse Lymphocytes

ABSTRACT To test whether transgenic Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) expression in C57BL/6 mouse lymphocytes causes lymphoma, EBNA1 expressed in three FVB lineages at two or three times the level of latent infection was crossed up to six successive times into C57BL/6J mice. After five or six crosses, 14/36, (38%) EBNA1 transgenic mice, 11/31 (36%) littermate EBNA1-negative controls, and 9/25 (36%) inbred C57BL/6J mice housed in the same facility had lymphoma. These data indicate that EBNA1 does not significantly increase lymphoma prevalence in C57BL/6J mice.

scholarly journals Detection of Viral Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies Directed Against EBV or VCP: In Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients of Indian Origin

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 093-099
Author(s):  
Sudha S Deo ◽  
Rashmi R Shetty ◽  
Kejal J Mistry ◽  
Arun R Chogle
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Early Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Igm Antibody ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Citrullinated Peptide

ABSTRACT Aim: Study was undertaken to analyze the frequency of anti-viral citrullinated peptide (anti-VCP) antibodies in sera from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA). Materials and Methods: Viral citrullinated peptide (VCP) and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) peptide were commercially prepared and antibodies to these were determined in 25 patients of ERA, 40 disease control patients constituting 25 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 7 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 2 scleroderma, 1 spondyloarthritis (SpA), 1 juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), 1 osteoarthritis (OA), 1 psoriatic arthritis (PsA), 1 undifferentiated arthritis (UA), and 1 gout and 25 healthy controls (HCs) were taken for comparison. In-house ELISA was established for both the antibodies while cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody was detected by commercial ELISA kit. Results: Significant increase in VCP antibody by ERA and disease controls than healthy normal was observed. VCP IgM antibody was significantly increased in RA patients than HC. The presence of VCP antibody signifies a good marker for ERA. We observed significant difference in the VCP IgG and IgM antibody when compared to EBNA-1. In-house ELISA established for EBNA-1 and VCP antibodies showed low sensitivity but 96% specificity. Conclusions: We observed that sera from early RA patients reacted to the deiminated protein encoded by Epstain Barr Virus (EBV). Thus a possible role of virus in inducing an anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) response reveals viral etiology in this disease.

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