scholarly journals Hydrological Regime of the River When Changing the Landscape Structure of the Catchment Area (by the Example of the River Goloustnaya)

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
O. V. Gagarinova ◽  
◽  
D. E. Razdobarin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Groundwater Runoff ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

The main features of the hydrological regime of the river are strategic regional characteristics. At the same time, a significant effect on surface and groundwater runoff, evaporation and transpiration determines the landscape of the transformation of atmospheric precipitation entering the drainage area, surface and groundwater runoff. The existing basin landscape structure has hydrological properties that change when structural components are disturbed. The article examines the relationship between the intra-annual regime of the river and changes in the landscape structure of the catchment area over ten years. An estimate of the size of landscape transformations is proposed based on data on global changes in forest cover in the world in the 21st century – high-resolution global maps of changes in forest cover in the 21st century. The analysis of the dynamics of characteristics of runoff, precipitation and area landscapes is carried out. The dependence of the hydrological regime of the river on the structural transformations of the drainage landscape was revealed for the phase of the upper rainfall runoff. An increase in water discharge in the river against the background of total precipitation was noted, which indicates a change in the landscape-hydrological properties of the catchment. As a result of the reduction in the areas of dark coniferous landscapes, which have significant runoff- regulating functions of the territory of the hydrological regime, the values and amplitudes of the rises of rain floods increase. Investigations of landscape-hydrological transformations of watersheds is an important direction in optimizing the use of natural resources in watersheds and minimizing the negative impact of natural waters.

SPATIAL-TIME VARIABILITY OF THE ILE RIVER RUNOFF UNDER CONDITIONS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-51
Author(s):  
Zh.S. Mustafayev ◽  
◽  
A.T. Kozykeyeva ◽  
L.M. Ryskulbekova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Temporal Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Annual Water Discharge

To solve the problems of sustainable management of water resources in the catchment area of the Ili River basin, it is becoming demanded to study the dynamics of the average annual water discharge, taking into account anthropogenic activities, since their intensity is constantly growing. At the same time, the integral indicator of natural conditions in the catchment is the average annual water discharge of river basins, and the importance of this parameter lies in the fact that they can be considered as a function of the response to any changes in the catchment. In this regard, the analysis of changes in the average annual water discharge of the Ili River basin's catchment area was carried out on a spatio-temporal scale, where linear trends were used to assess and plot graphs, the method of multiple regression analysis and processing of time series were carried out on the basis of Microsoft Excel. Analysis of the dynamics of the average annual water discharge in the Ili River basin's catchment area on a spatio-temporal scale showed that, despite significant variability over the years, all studied hydrological stations are characterized by general patterns of changes in the hydrological regime under the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors.

scholarly journals MULTIVARIATE FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL MODULES IN THE PRIPYAT BASIN RIVERS (UKRAINE)

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
V.O. Korniienko
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Hydropower Potential ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Annual Water Discharge ◽  
The Impact

The importance of assessing hydropower resources in recent years determines the study of the quantitative characteristics of river hydropower. Interesting and at the same time important for understanding the assessment of hydropower potential and its module is a multivariate analysis of the determining factors that determine their magnitude. This approach makes it possible to establish the impact and assess the possible relationship between natural and anthropogenic indicators on its formation. It is especially important to establish the factors that determine the magnitude of the modulus of the hydropower potential, an indicator by which it is possible to reflect the total hydropower of rivers in a spatial context. Since the magnitude of the hydropower potential and its modulus is influenced by numerous factors that may be weakly interdependent, it was decided to apply multivariate analysis to establish the most significant indicators using factor analysis. Studies have shown that hydropower, runoff indicators, catchment area, indicators of erosional activity of the catchment, and indicators of the river’s slope exert the greatest influence on the magnitude of the modules of the hydropower potential. The indicators of plowing, forest cover, and regulation indirectly affect the magnitude of the modulus of the total hydropower potential. In the course of the study, the dependences of the hydropower potential on the catchment area and the average annual water discharge, the module of the hydropower potential and the indicator of the depth of the erosional incision of the rivers were built. The connections are characterized by good degrees of correlation and can be used to calculate the magnitude of hydropower in rivers for which there are no or insufficient input data. In a conclusion, the use of factor analysis made it possible to establish a relationship between all 15 factors, according to 26 hydrological stations, and to identify the main determining factors influencing the formation and spatial distribution of the total hydropower potential module for the Pripyat basin rivers within Ukraine. According to the results of the calculation by the method of factor analysis, five main groups of factors with the corresponding factor load. The first two groups of factors accounted for more than 80% of the total variance of the distribution.

scholarly journals Zonal aspects of the influence of forest cover change on runoff in northern river basins of Central Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Onuchin ◽  
Т. Burenina ◽  
А. Shvidenko ◽  
D. Prysov ◽  
A. Musokhranova
Keyword(s):  
River Runoff ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Runoff Formation ◽  
Forest Tundra

Abstract Background Assessment of the reasons for the ambiguous influence of forests on the structure of the water balance is the subject of heated debate among forest hydrologists. Influencing the components of total evaporation, forest vegetation makes a significant contribution to the process of runoff formation, but this process has specific features in different geographical zones. The issues of the influence of forest vegetation on river runoff in the zonal aspect have not been sufficiently studied. Results Based on the analysis of the dependence of river runoff on forest cover, using the example of nine catchments located in the forest-tundra, northern and middle taiga of Northern Eurasia, it is shown that the share of forest cover in the total catchment area (percentage of forest cover, FCP) has different effects on runoff formation. Numerical experiments with the developed empirical models have shown that an increase in forest cover in the catchment area in northern latitudes contributes to an increase in runoff, while in the southern direction (in the middle taiga) extensive woody cover of catchments “works” to reduce runoff. The effectiveness of geographical zonality in regards to the influence of forests on runoff is more pronounced in the forest-tundra zone than in the zones of northern and middle taiga. Conclusion The study of this problem allowed us to analyze various aspects of the hydrological role of forests, and to show that forest ecosystems, depending on environmental conditions and the spatial distribution of forest cover, can transform water regimes in different ways. Despite the fact that the process of river runoff formation is controlled by many factors, such as temperature conditions, precipitation regime, geomorphology and the presence of permafrost, the models obtained allow us to reveal general trends in the dependence of the annual river runoff on the percentage of forest cover, at the level of catchments. The results obtained are consistent with the concept of geographic determinism, which explains the contradictions that exist in assessing the hydrological role of forests in various geographical and climatic conditions. The results of the study may serve as the basis for regulation of the forest cover of northern Eurasian river basins in order to obtain the desired hydrological effect depending on environmental and economic conditions.

scholarly journals The importance of glacier and forest change in hydrological climate-impact studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Köplin ◽  
B. Schädler ◽  
D. Viviroli ◽  
R. Weingartner
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Glacier Retreat ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Impact Studies

Abstract. Changes in land cover alter the water balance components of a catchment, due to strong interactions between soils, vegetation and the atmosphere. Therefore, hydrological climate impact studies should also integrate scenarios of associated land cover change. To reflect two severe climate-induced changes in land cover, we applied scenarios of glacier retreat and forest cover increase that were derived from the temperature signals of the climate scenarios used in this study. The climate scenarios were derived from ten regional climate models from the ENSEMBLES project. Their respective temperature and precipitation changes between the scenario period (2074–2095) and the control period (1984–2005) were used to run a hydrological model. The relative importance of each of the three types of scenarios (climate, glacier, forest) was assessed through an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Altogether, 15 mountainous catchments in Switzerland were analysed, exhibiting different degrees of glaciation during the control period (0–51%) and different degrees of forest cover increase under scenarios of change (12–55% of the catchment area). The results show that even an extreme change in forest cover is negligible with respect to changes in runoff, but it is crucial as soon as changes in evaporation or soil moisture are concerned. For the latter two variables, the relative impact of forest change is proportional to the magnitude of its change. For changes that concern 35% of the catchment area or more, the effect of forest change on summer evapotranspiration is equally or even more important than the climate signal. For catchments with a glaciation of 10% or more in the control period, the glacier retreat significantly determines summer and annual runoff. The most important source of uncertainty in this study, though, is the climate scenario and it is highly recommended to apply an ensemble of climate scenarios in the impact studies. The results presented here are valid for the climatic region they were tested for, i.e., a humid, mid-latitude mountainous environment. They might be different for regions where the evaporation is a major component of the water balance, for example. Nevertheless, a hydrological climate-impact study that assesses the additional impacts of forest and glacier change is new so far and provides insight into the question whether or not it is necessary to account for land cover changes as part of climate change impacts on hydrological systems.

Assessment of harvest blocks generated from operational polygons and forest-cover polygons in tactical and strategic planning

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Important Barrier ◽  
Interior Forest ◽  
Block Size Distribution

Manually designing harvest units for strategic planning is expensive. This paper compares blocking methods based on forest-cover polygons and manually designed harvest units. Routines are used to split and aggregate polygons into three block size distributions: (i) uniform 40-ha blocks; (ii) uniform 120-ha blocks; and (iii) by area, one-third 20 ha, one-third 60 ha, and one-third 150 ha. Three harvest rules that influence adjacency and the cutting of polygons within a block are applied to each block size distribution to compare forecasts generated by forest-cover and operational blocks. Generally, volume flows from the two methods deviate by less than 5%, and the highest deviations usually occur during the first 20 years. Projected landscape structure, as measured by interior forest area, is also similar under the two blocking methods. The results indicate that forest-cover data provide a reasonable alternative to manual blocking in tactical and strategic plans. This is significant because it removes an important barrier to timely and cost-effective planning, especially for large geographic problems where manual blocking is not an option.

scholarly journals Biomass and mortmass of woody vegetation in metal-contaminated areas (Southern Urals, Russia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Bergman ◽  
Alexey Nesterkov
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Copper Smelter ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Dead Tree

Since the mid-2000s, long-term monitoring of various components of natural ecosystems under conditions of industrial pollution has been carried out in the Southern Urals. As a part of these monitoring programmes, the data on various components of biota in different biotopes, collected with different methods and in different time intervals, continue to be gathered. In addition, data collected through these monitoring programmes can also be used to study the local biodiversity of non-polluted areas. In 2012, in the vicinity of the Karabash Copper Smelter, a study of communities of small mammals was carried out, considering the heterogeneity of their habitats. Within the framework of this project, we presented a detailed description of the state of woody vegetation in the study area. The dataset (available from the GBIF network at https://www.gbif.org/dataset/61384edd-2d0a-437b-8cf0-ff4d2dfcc0da) includes the results of an assessment of the woody vegetation biomass at seven habitats (pine, birch and floodplain forests, reed swamp, sparse birch stand, marshy meadow and dump of household waste) of areas with different levels of industrial pollution in the vicinities of the Karabash, the Southern Urals. Karabash Copper Smelter (KCS) is one of Russia’s most significant point polluters; the main components of its emissions are heavy metals, dust and sulphur dioxide. Parameters of woody vegetation (diameter at breast height, diameter at root collar level and biomass) were estimated for seven forest elements (forest stand, subcanopy (undergrowth and underwood), half-dead tree of a forest stand and four types of coarse woody debris (downed bole, fragment of downed bole, standing dead tree and stump)) at 41 sampling plots (20 at unpolluted and 21 at polluted areas) and 165 subplots (81 and 84, respectively). The dataset includes 411 sampling events (estimation events of the forest elements at sampling plots and subplots), corresponding to 5786 occurrences (estimations of the woody vegetation components) observed during July 2012. For most woody vegetation components (72%), an estimate of the above-ground phytomass is given. For each sampling event, information on the presence or absence of woody vegetation species at the considered habitats is provided (a total of 1479 occurrences with status "absent"). The dataset can be used for environmental monitoring, sustainable forest management, modelling forest productivity considering global changes, studying the structure and biodiversity of forest cover and assessing forests’ carbon-sequestration capacity. In addition, the dataset provides information about different forest ecosystems under the influence of strong industrial pollution.

scholarly journals LAND COVER DYNAMICS AND LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE IN THE AREA SURROUNDING WATER RESERVOIRS, MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF RIO DE JANEIRO

FLORESTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1808
Author(s):  
Lucas De Siqueira Cardinelli ◽  
José Marinaldo Gleriani ◽  
Sebastião Venâncio Martins
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Mountainous Region ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Land Cover Dynamics

The aim of this study is to evaluate land cover dynamics and landscape structure in the area surrounding two water reservoirs built-in 2009 for energy production, in the mountainous region of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Serra Fluminense). The analysis was developed through the interpretation of Landsat images from 2003, 2009, and 2013, considering the following land cover classes: early successional forest, mid successional forest, pasture, pasture with shrubs and trees, geological outcrop, urban area, and water area. We used thematic maps to determine landscape metrics of size and proximity in the reservoirs catchment area and the Permanent Preservation Area (PPA). At catchment level, pasture was predominant, a consequence of the extensive livestock production carried out in the whole watershed. During the evaluated period, the forest area remained consistent, however, fragmented in many small patches of mid successional forest. The average patch area of mid successional forest is three times the size of the early successional forest patches. For neither forest land cover classes, no significant variations through time in area or isolation were identified. On the PPA, an overall reduction of the forest cover was registered before the construction of the reservoir. However, from 2009 to 2013, after the enclosure of PPA areas, the forest cover increased 35% via assisted natural regeneration, suggesting a high potential for cost-effective restoration in the region.

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