scholarly journals Metaphor and concept as forms of transition from preconceptual thinking

Metaphor acts as preconceptual knowledge to form a preconceptual form of thinking – a concept. Thus, one can construct such a link in the process of concept formation: metaphor – concept – notion. Fundamental discovery of j. Lakoff and m. Johnson was in the fact that they recognized the fundamental metaphoricity of human thinking, that is, metaphor can be called one of key mechanisms for formation of conceptual forms of thinking, and the world is the product of metaphorization. But in this case, metaphor in thinking and metaphor in language are different metaphors. Because of the fact that linguistic metaphor is easier to detect in “language material”, it is more often called just metaphor, but metaphor in thinking is a process we propose to call metaphoron, that is, the process of metaphorization, along with such means of cognition as comparison, analysis, and imagination (rational and irrational). Metaphoron as thinking mechanism allows to structurize abstract categories through images of objects which are sensually recognizable. With metaphor, one object is projected through the other. Concept is an individual reflection of meanings, values, impressions, so emotions in the concept are also present. We can assume that concept is a "prototype" of notion, that is, concept was formed from many elements, among which most appropriate through logical rational operations (comparison, analysis) and irrational (e.g., imagination, intuition) were selected over time. Also, in this process, important role is played by the metaphorization process, which cannot be fully attributed either to logical operations, or to irrational ones, that is, metaphorization is on the border of rational and irrational, including elements of both operations. Concept is undoubtedly broader than notion and includes, in addition to abstract features, associative and emotional as well as sensory aspects. But it is pertinent to mention that, for example, emotional aspects make it difficult and unproductive to reach understanding with another person, so rational operations are appropriate for communication and language formation. However, emotions also require expression and can be expressed not the way animals do – via shouting or physical force, but through creativity - in songs, paintings, dances. With these types of self-expression, understanding also arises on sensual level, for example, if the song has major tone, everyone realizes that it is fun and vice versa with minor tone. When people begin to describe music in terms of concepts, abstract concepts are best suited, that is, in this case, metaphor (metaphorization process) does not perform function of categorization, that is, as a result, no new words are created, but a "repository" of feelings, a "preserved" feeling that is almost invariable passes on to the next generation. Thus, it can be concluded that, if language is used to convey experience in the form of information, then it is a metaphor to convey experience in the form of feelings. It should be noted that in the process of cognition errors, illusions are possible, since the process of cognition is subjective, and metaphor as process and result testifies to it, that metaphorical creative language can convey any peculiarities of personal experience. The comparative and figurative conception can be criticized, because in the process of metaphorization not only comparison, but also analysis, selection of the main and secondary issues, intuition are involved. It is important to recognize that language changes over time, meanings of the words change, but to put it more precisely, the meaning changes partially. Thus, we can conclude that metaphor is not just a decoration of language, but a tool for formation and changing of language.

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (487) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Hautop Lund

We review different techniques for improving GA performance. By analysing the fitness landscape, a correlation measure between parents and offspring can be provided, and we can estimate effectively which genetic operator to use in the GA for a given fitness landscape. The response to selection equation further tells us how well the GA will do, and combining the two approaches gives us a powerful tool to automatically ensure the selection of the right parameter settings for a given problem. In dynamic environments the fitness landscape changes over time, and the evolved systems should be able to adapt to such changes. By introducing evolvable mutation rates and evolvable fitness formulae, we obtain such systems. The systems are shown to be able to adapt to both internal and external constraints and changes.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Cooke

<p>Estimates of silicon (Si) pools and fluxes in diverse extant ecosystems have been published, including for grasslands, and deciduous and evergreen forests.  These illustrate diversity in dominant pools of biogenic Si in soils versus living biomass, reflecting the vegetation type and variation in Si accumulation of plant groups. This presentation will explore potential to estimate Si pools and fluxes for a selection of past environments, based on the species recorded in fossil records teamed with Si accumulation data from extant relatives. Where possible, changes over time will also be considered incluing impacts of vegetation on weathering and other envrionmental feedbacks.</p>


Author(s):  
Andrew Seddon ◽  
Pearl Brereton

AbstractThe application of truth maintenance techniques to the component selection phase of the engineering design process is described. The aims of the research include the selection of components that most closely match a set of requirements which include fluid characteristics, economic constraints, and company policies or preferences. In addition, we consider the storage and retrieval of requirement sets and corresponding component selections. The benefits of maintaining temporal knowledge are twofold: to enhance performance through reuse when new requirement sets are similar to previous sets, and to re-assess selections in the light of changes over time, for example, to the set of available components, to company policy, or, perhaps, to national safety regulations.We propose a temporal truth maintenance system (TTMS) to support this management of selection knowledge over time.


2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Timmers

This exploratory study focuses on the relationship between vocal expression, musical structure, and emotion in recorded performances by famous singers of three Schubert songs. Measurement of variations in tempo, dynamics, and pitch showed highly systematic relationships with the music's structural and emotional characteristics, particularly as regards emotional activity and valence. Relationships with emotional activity were consistent across both singers and musical pieces, while relationships with emotional valence were piece-specific. Clear changes in performing style over the twentieth century were observed, including diminishing rubato, an increase followed by a decrease of the use of pitch glides, and a widening and slowing of vibrato. These systematic changes over time concern only the style of performance, not the strategies deployed to express the structural and emotional aspects of the music.


VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Urban ◽  
Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽  
Isabelle Signolet ◽  
Christophe Colas Ribas ◽  
Mathieu Feuilloy ◽  
...  

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.


2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Olff ◽  
Mirjam Nijdam ◽  
Kristin Samuelson ◽  
Julia Golier ◽  
Mariel Meewisse ◽  
...  

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca D. Stinson ◽  
Zachary Sussman ◽  
Megan Foley Nicpon ◽  
Allison L. Allmon ◽  
Courtney Cornick ◽  
...  

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