scholarly journals Selective peripheral neurotomy (SPN) as a treatment strategy for spasticity

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Juan Fan ◽  
Ronald Milosevic ◽  
Shijie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Stretch Reflex ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction ◽  
Pediatric Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Selective Posterior Rhizotomy

Spasticity can be caused by central nervous system dysfunction, such as cerebral palsy and stroke. The accepted pathogenesis of spasticity is that the muscles are in the state of uninhibited stretch reflex without enough control of central nervous system. So far, there is no ideal way about how to repair central nervous system. However, the uninhibited stretch reflex can be reduced, targeting the posterior root of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves innervating the limbs, which are called selective posterior rhizotomy (SPR) and selective peripheral neurotomy (SPN), respectively. SPN is indicated for focal or multifocal spasticity, which is well accepted due to its low invasiveness and ease of use. How does the operation work? What do we do before and during this operation? Is there any risk to the patients? Our review summarizes the mechanism, indications, preoperative assessments, techniques, and complications of SPN. We hope that the spastic patients, such as pediatric cerebral palsy patients and older stroke patients, will benefit from this surgery.

scholarly journals Severe Gastrooesophageal Reflux Disease Associated with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
N. K. Sujay ◽  
Matthew Jones ◽  
Emma Whittle ◽  
Helen Murphy ◽  
Marcus K. H. Auth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction ◽  
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome ◽  
Gastrooesophageal Reflux

Prenatal alcohol exposure may have adverse effects on the developing foetus resulting in significant growth restriction, characteristic craniofacial features, and central nervous system dysfunction. The toxic effects of alcohol on the developing brain are well recognised. However, little is known about the effects of alcohol on the developing gastrointestinal tract or their mechanism. There are few case reports showing an association between foetal alcohol syndrome and gastrointestinal neuropathy. We report a rare association between foetal alcohol syndrome and severe gastrooesophageal reflux disease in an infant who ultimately required fundoplication to optimise her growth and nutrition. The child had failed to respond to maximal medical treatment (domperidone and omeprazole), high calorie feeds, PEG feeding, or total parenteral nutrition. The effect of alcohol on the developing foetus is not limited to the central nervous system but also can have varied and devastating effects on the gastrointestinal tract.

INFLUENZA-ASSOCIATED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION IN TAIWANESE CHILDREN

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 647-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yhu-Chering Huang ◽  
Wen-Chen Li ◽  
Kuo-Chien Tsao ◽  
Chung-Guei Huang ◽  
Cheng-Hsun Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction

scholarly journals Cytokines, brain proteins, and growth factors in acute stroke patients: A pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Atif Zafar ◽  
Mudassir Farooqui ◽  
Asad Ikram ◽  
Sajid Suriya ◽  
Duraisamy Kempuraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Multiplex Assay ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

Background: Immunomodulation and cell signaling involve several cytokines, proteins, and other mediators released in response to the trauma, inflammation, or other insults to the central nervous system. This pilot study is part of the registry designed to evaluate the temporal trends among these molecules after an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients. Methods: Twelve AIS patients were enrolled within 24 hours of the symptoms onset. Two sets of plasma samples were collected: First at admission and second at 24 hours after admission. Cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory molecules were measured using multiplex assay kit. Results: An increased trend in IL-6 (22 vs. 34 pg/ml), IL-8/CXCL8 (87 vs. 98 pg/ml), MMP-9 (16225 vs. 18450 pg/ml), and GMF-β (999 vs. 3739 pg/ml) levels was observed overtime after an AIS. Patients ≤60 years had lower levels of plasma MCP-1/CCL2 (50–647 vs. 150–1159 pg/ml), IL-6 (9–25 vs. 20–68 pg/ml), and IL-8 (30– 143 vs. 72–630 pg/ml), when compared with patients >60 years old. Conclusion: Cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of stroke in addition to mediating poststroke inflammation. Further research is needed to evaluate and characterize the cumulative trends of these mediators for the clinical prognosis or as surrogate biomarkers.

Spatial aspects of neural induction in Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Jones ◽  
H.R. Woodland
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Neural Differentiation ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Thoracic Region ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
Tail Tip ◽  
Developing Nervous System

A monoclonal antibody, 2G9, has been identified and characterised as a marker of neural differentiation in Xenopus. The epitope is present throughout the adult central nervous system and in peripheral nerves. Staining is first detected in embryos at stage 21 in the thoracic region. By stage 29 it stains the whole central nervous system, except the tail tip. The epitope is present in a 65K Mr protein, and includes sialic acid. The antibody also reacts with neural tissue in mice and axolotls and newts. 2G9 was used to show that both notochord and somites are capable of neural induction, and the stimulus is present as late as stage 22. Attempts to demonstrate the induction of nervous system by developing nervous system (homoiogenetic induction) were unsuccessful. The view that the lateral extent of the nervous system might be determined by that of the inductive stimulus is discussed. Neural induction was detected as early as stage 10 and occurs in embryos without gastrulation and without cell division from stage 7 1/2.

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