scholarly journals How useful is eap vocabulary for esp? a corpus based case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Sutarsyah ◽  
Paul Nation ◽  
G Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Word List ◽  
Academic Vocabulary ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
The University ◽  
General Service ◽  
Very High

This study compares the vocabulary of a single Economics text of almost 300,000 running words with the vocabulary of a corpus of similar length made up of a variety of academic texts. It was found that the general academic corpus used a very much larger vocabulary than the more focused Economics text. A small number of words that were closely related to the topic of the text occurred with very high frequency in the Economics text. The general academic corpus had a very large number of low frequency words. Beyond the words in West's General Service List and the University Word List, there was little overlap between the vocabulary of the two corpora. This indicates that as far as vocabulary is concerned, EAP courses that go beyond the high frequency academic vocabulary are of little value for learners with specific purposes. © 1994, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

scholarly journals How useful is eap vocabulary for esp? a corpus based case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Sutarsyah ◽  
Paul Nation ◽  
G Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Word List ◽  
Academic Vocabulary ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
The University ◽  
General Service ◽  
Very High

This study compares the vocabulary of a single Economics text of almost 300,000 running words with the vocabulary of a corpus of similar length made up of a variety of academic texts. It was found that the general academic corpus used a very much larger vocabulary than the more focused Economics text. A small number of words that were closely related to the topic of the text occurred with very high frequency in the Economics text. The general academic corpus had a very large number of low frequency words. Beyond the words in West's General Service List and the University Word List, there was little overlap between the vocabulary of the two corpora. This indicates that as far as vocabulary is concerned, EAP courses that go beyond the high frequency academic vocabulary are of little value for learners with specific purposes. © 1994, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

scholarly journals Early Context-Conditioned Orthographic Knowledge in European Portuguese: The Spelling of the Schwa

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Vale ◽  
Rafaela Perpétua
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Orthographic Knowledge ◽  
School Grade ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Sound Learning ◽  
Letter Sound ◽  
Very High

This longitudinal study examined how the phonemic-orthographic context affects the spelling of the schwa (/ɨ/) by Portuguese beginning spellers at two time points in the first school grade. The schwa is phonetically unstable and phonologically ill-defined, has an unpredictable realization, is frequently deleted at the syllable's end, and is often spelt as <e>, a very high frequency grapheme with numerous phonological renditions. In addition to cognitive and other alphabetic tasks, 41 first graders were asked to spell 40 consistent words of medium-low frequency: 5 CV.CV (consonant, vowel. consonant, vowel) with well-articulated vowels; 10 C/ɨ/C.VC, the first vowel being a schwa, thereby creating potential phonological consonantal clusters, half legal (/fɨliʃ/, /fliʃ/), half illegal (/pɨdal/, /pdal/); 10 CV.C/ɨ/, the last vowel being a schwa, potentially creating phonological monosyllables half with a legal coda (/mɔlɨ/, /mɔl/) and half with an illegal coda (/n'avɨ/), (/nav/); in addition, the children spelt 15 CVC ending with /l/, /ɾ/ and /ʃ/, the only legal Portuguese codas. Participants were also asked to spell equivalent pseudowords at a second point in time. Our results show that children were sensitive to allowable letter patterns from the Time 1 assessment point. Although alphabetic spelling was not entirely mastered, children used <e> more in first syllables than at the end of the word, and more in illegal than in legal phonological consonantal clusters, although the pattern of significant differences did change over time. The results were similar for pseudowords. Also, children used <e> more at the CV.C/ɨ/ words whose last C was /l/, than in monosyllabic CVC words ending with /l/. This was not observed with pseudowords, where the grapheme <e> was used with a similar frequency in the two types of items. Overall, these results show that children's acquisition of this kind of context-conditioned orthographic knowledge occurs simultaneously with alphabetic letter-sound learning and depend largely on intuitive statistical learning reflecting the regularities of the written code to which they are exposed.

scholarly journals A Critical Review of the Word Classification System

HOW ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Razieh Gholaminejad
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Classification System ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word List ◽  
English For Academic Purposes ◽  
Academic Vocabulary ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Word Classification ◽  
General Service

In this reflective paper, we review the currently-used word classification system proposed by linguist Paul Nation (2013, 2015) and the position of the academic vocabulary in this system. Different lexical layers in this system are explained as well as the underlying assumptions. Then, taking a critical position, we raise a number of criticisms against three different aspects of Nation’s classification. The first criticism involves the fact that the system has sacrificed function for form in developing the lexical layers. The second focuses on the problem of equating ‘academic words’ with Coxhead’s (2000) Academic Word List (AWL) and ‘high-frequency words’ with West’s (1953) General Service List (GSL). Finally, the system is criticized for the lack of an independent lexical layer for discipline-specific academic vocabulary by ignoring disciplinary variation at the level of academic words. The critical points raised in the paper can be useful for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) materials developers, teachers, test developers, and syllabus/curriculum designers.

scholarly journals An Examination of the New General Service List

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Tim Stoeckel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
American English ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Word List ◽  
Secondary Data Source ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Word Selection ◽  
General Service ◽  
Word Frequencies

The New General Service List (NGSL; Browne, Culligan, & Phillips, 2013b) was published on an interim basis in 2013 as a modern replacement for West’s (1953) original General Service List (GSL). This study compared GSL and NGSL coverage of a 6-year, 114-million word section of the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and used COCA word frequencies as a secondary data source to identify candidates for addition to the NGSL. The NGSL was found to provide 4.32% better coverage of the COCA than the GSL. Moreover, several candidates were identified for inclusion to the NGSL: three are current members of the NGSL’s companion list, the New Academic Word List (Browne, Culligan, & Phillips, 2013a); five are words whose usage has increased in recent years; and five are individual types that appear to have been miscategorized during the original development of the NGSL. Because NGSL word selection was based on not only empirical but also subjective criteria, the article calls for the addition of annotations to the NGSL to explain decisions regarding low-frequency NGSL constituents and high-frequency non-constituents.

ESP corpus design: compilation of the Veterinary Nursing Medical Chart Corpus and the Veterinary Nursing Wordlist

Corpora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Yukiko Ohashi ◽  
Noriaki Katagiri ◽  
Katsutoshi Oka ◽  
Michiko Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
English For Specific Purposes ◽  
Regular Expressions ◽  
Annotation Scheme ◽  
Corpus Design ◽  
As Species ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
General Service

This paper reports on two research results: ( 1) designing an English for Specific Purposes (esp) corpus architecture complete with annotations structured by regular expressions; and ( 2) a case study to test the design to cater for creating a specific vocabulary list using the compiled corpus. The first half of this study involved designing a precisely structured esp corpus from 190 veterinary medical charts with a hierarchy of the data. The data hierarchy in the corpus consists of document types, outline elements and inline elements, such as species and breed. Perl scripts extracted the data attached to veterinary-specific categories, and the extraction led to creating wordlists. The second part of the research tested the corpus mode, creating a list of commonly observed lexical items in veterinary medicine. The coverage rate of the wordlists by General Service List (gsl) and Academic Word List (awl) was tested, with the result that 66.4 percent of all lexical items appeared in gsl and awl, whereas 33.7 percent appeared in none of those lists. The corpus compilation procedures as well as the annotation scheme introduced in this study enable the compilation of specific corpora with explicit annotations, allowing teachers to have access to data required for creating esp classroom materials.

Experimental Investigation of very High Frequency Slot Antenna on M-60A-1 Tank

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Campbell ◽  
William Kennebeck ◽  
A. Zanella ◽  
Paul Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Slot Antenna ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Very High

A collision feedback based multiple access control protocol for very high frequency data exchange system in E-navigation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Xu Hu ◽  
Bin Lin ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Hongguang Lyu ◽  
Tie-Shan Li
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
High Frequency Data ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Time Division ◽  
Very High

Abstract The very high frequency data exchange system (VDES) is promising in promoting electronic navigation (E-navigation) and improving navigation safety. The multiple access control (MAC) protocol is crucial to the transmission performance of VDES. The self-organising time division multiple access (SOTDMA) protocol, as the only access mode given by current recommendations, leads to a high rate of transmission collisions in the traditional automatic identification system (AIS), especially with heavy traffic loads. This paper proposes a novel feedback based time division multiple access (FBTDMA) protocol to address the problems caused by SOTDMA, such that collision of transmissions can be avoided in information transmission among vessels. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FBTDMA outperforms the traditional SOTDMA in terms of channel utilisation and throughput, and significantly reduces the transmission collision rate. The study is expected to provide insights into VDES standardisation and E-navigation modernisation.

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