scholarly journals The Role of Emotional Content in the Control  of Eye Movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Joseph Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Target Image ◽  
The Impact

<p>The anti-saccade paradigm has been a favourite among researchers of attention and the control of eye movements. Most pro/anti-saccade studies have utilized meaningless stimuli, though stimulus meaning is known to have an impact on looking behaviour in free viewing conditions. Here, we explore the role of content in the control of pro/antisaccades by contrasting two alternative views on the impact of emotional stimuli. One view supports an "informativeness" hypothesis, where visual processing is directed towards threatening stimuli, suggesting that RT should be particularly large for negative, high arousal pictures in an antisaccade task. An alternative view emphasizes approach and withdrawal behaviours. Here negative images are thought to encourage avoidance behaviours, causing faster RTs for antisaccades; whereas positive pictures encourage approach behaviours, causing faster RTs for prosaccades. Participants performed an antisaccade task in which they were presented with an image to the left or right visual field and instructed to look at or away from the image. The experimental design included five groups of images, with a factorial combination of valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low), and a neutral condition. In Experiments one and two the instruction was given 200 ms before the picture was presented and did not produce any effects of emotional content. Thus, if participants are given advanced notice of the upcoming saccade, the initiation of that saccade is not influenced by the emotional content of the target image. In experiments three and four, the cue was presented 200 ms after the onset of the target image. This change of SOA provided an effect of emotional content was observed in experiments three and four which was illustrated by slowed RTs for both pro- and anti-saccades. However erotic images appeared to slow down latencies across both saccades which were accompanied by high error rates.</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Emotional Content in the Control  of Eye Movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Joseph Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Target Image ◽  
The Impact

<p>The anti-saccade paradigm has been a favourite among researchers of attention and the control of eye movements. Most pro/anti-saccade studies have utilized meaningless stimuli, though stimulus meaning is known to have an impact on looking behaviour in free viewing conditions. Here, we explore the role of content in the control of pro/antisaccades by contrasting two alternative views on the impact of emotional stimuli. One view supports an "informativeness" hypothesis, where visual processing is directed towards threatening stimuli, suggesting that RT should be particularly large for negative, high arousal pictures in an antisaccade task. An alternative view emphasizes approach and withdrawal behaviours. Here negative images are thought to encourage avoidance behaviours, causing faster RTs for antisaccades; whereas positive pictures encourage approach behaviours, causing faster RTs for prosaccades. Participants performed an antisaccade task in which they were presented with an image to the left or right visual field and instructed to look at or away from the image. The experimental design included five groups of images, with a factorial combination of valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low), and a neutral condition. In Experiments one and two the instruction was given 200 ms before the picture was presented and did not produce any effects of emotional content. Thus, if participants are given advanced notice of the upcoming saccade, the initiation of that saccade is not influenced by the emotional content of the target image. In experiments three and four, the cue was presented 200 ms after the onset of the target image. This change of SOA provided an effect of emotional content was observed in experiments three and four which was illustrated by slowed RTs for both pro- and anti-saccades. However erotic images appeared to slow down latencies across both saccades which were accompanied by high error rates.</p>

scholarly journals The role of action intentionality and effector in the subjective expansion of temporal duration after saccadic eye movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Melcher ◽  
Devpriya Kumar ◽  
Narayanan Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Intentional Binding ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
Backward Shift ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Visual perception is based on periods of stable fixation separated by saccadic eye movements. Although naive perception seems stable (in space) and continuous (in time), laboratory studies have demonstrated that events presented around the time of saccades are misperceived spatially and temporally. Saccadic chronostasis, the “stopped clock illusion”, represents one such temporal distortion in which the movement of the clock hand after the saccade is perceived as lasting longer than usual. Multiple explanations for chronostasis have been proposed including action-backdating, temporal binding of the action towards the moment of its effect (“intentional binding”) and post-saccadic temporal dilation. The current study aimed to resolve this debate by using different types of action (keypress vs saccade) and varying the intentionality of the action. We measured both perceived onset of the motor action and perceived onset of an auditory tone presented at different delays after the keypress/saccade. The results showed intentional binding for the keypress action, with perceived motor onset shifted forwards in time and the time of the tone shifted backwards. Saccades resulted in the opposite pattern, showing temporal expansion rather than compression, especially with cued saccades. The temporal illusion was modulated by intentionality of the movement. Our findings suggest that saccadic chronostasis is not solely dependent on a backward shift in perceived saccade onset, but instead reflects a temporal dilation. This percept of an effectively “longer” period at the beginning of a new fixation may reflect the pattern of suppressed, and then enhanced, visual processing around the time of saccades.

scholarly journals The role of the amygdala and the basal ganglia in visual processing of central vs. peripheral emotional content

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 2120-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Almeida ◽  
Marieke van Asselen ◽  
Miguel Castelo-Branco
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Emotional Content

scholarly journals IDENTIFYING TRENDS IN MICROSACCADE RATE ON OCULOMOTOR TRACKER IN EARLY VS LATE STAGE PEDIATRIC CASES WITH PERSISTENT POST-CONCUSSION SYMPTOMS (PPCS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0016
Author(s):  
Prem Kumar Thirunagari ◽  
Nancy Phu ◽  
David Tramutolo ◽  
Hector Rieiro ◽  
Tanya Polec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
T Test ◽  
Fixational Eye Movements

Background: Oculomotor and visual processing deficits occur commonly after brain injury in young athletes. A subset of these concussed athletes do experience prolonged recoveries or PPCS with ongoing oculomotor deficits and visual symptoms. There have been limited studies conducted to determine the significance of oculomotor tracking (OMT) testing in the pediatric population, and even less investigating the role of microsaccades. Hence, investigations on microsaccades(MS), physiological adjustive micro eye movements critical in visual processing and central/peripheral visual integration, may provide insight on the role of visual dysfunction in PPCS course, prognosis, and management. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify possible MS rate trends and differences between early and late stage PPCS pediatric patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 41 pediatric patients with PPCS or symptoms greater than one month from injury. Data was collected from 7/1/2018 to 12/1/2019 and the age group ranged from 8 to 21 years. For each participant, using the OMT device we measured the number of saccades generated, the size and speed of the microsaccades, the area covered and the ratio of vertical-to-horizontal direction component of the fixational eye movements, using a 250 Hz video-eye tracker mounted inside a HTC Vive VR headset. Participants were instructed to fixate on a central dot for 140 seconds, in 20-second intervals. Patients were classified into early or late stages of PPCS (early stage: 1-6 months; late stage: >6 months) to compare MS rate between stages. Exclusion criteria included history of visual disorders, learning disorders, seizure disorder, or intracranial hemorrhage. Results: 27 patients were in the early stage while 14 patients were in the late stage. The early stage group had a mean MS rate of 125 beats/min while the late stage group had a mean MS rate of 116 beats/min. A two sample t-test assuming no difference between early and late stage patients resulted in a p value of 0.51. Conclusion: There is a potential trend in declining MS numbers with progressive PPCS stage. Although the t-test didn’t show statistical significance, this could be due to the small sample size of our study. Future studies are needed to validate this initial finding and to identify the significance of microsaccade patterns in concussion prognosis and management. [Figure: see text]

scholarly journals Eyes Wide Shut: Gaze dynamics without vision,

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Martinez-Conde ◽  
Bradley Buchsbaum ◽  
Fatema Ghasia ◽  
Freek Van Ede ◽  
Stephen L. Macknik
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Born Child ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mind's Eye

Video stream: https://vimeo.com/365522806 The human ability for visualization extends far beyond the physical items that surround us. We are able to dismiss the constant influx of photons hitting our retinas, and instead picture the layout of our kindergarten classroom, envision the gently swaying palm trees of our dream vacation, or foresee the face of a yet-to-be-born child. As we inspect imaginary objects and people with our mind’s eye, our corporeal eyeballs latch onto the fantasy. Research has found that our eyes can move as if seeing, even when there is nothing to look at. Thus, gaze explorations in the absence of actual vision have been reported in many contexts, including in visualization and memory tasks, and perhaps even during REM sleep. This symposium will present the manifold aspects of gaze dynamics in conditions when the visual input is impoverished or altogether absent. Presentations will address the characteristics of large and small eye movements during imagined and remembered scenes, the impact of visual field deficits on oculomotor control, and the role of eye movements in the future development of neural prosthetics for the blind.

scholarly journals Prevalence of multiple subtypes of binocularly-modulated visual neurons in the mouse superior colliculus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Lynn Russell ◽  
Jason W Triplett
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Spatial Summation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Visual Neurons ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Binocular Perception

A central role of the visual system is to integrate inputs from both eyes to form one coherent visual perception. The superior colliculus (SC) plays a central role in visual processing, gaze orientation and vergence eye movements necessary for binocular vision. Indeed, the SC receives direct inputs from both the contralateral and ipsilateral eye and binocularly-modulated neurons have been identified in the SC of multiple species. However, evidence for binocular processing in rodents, particularly mice, has not been functionally confirmed. In this study we recorded visually-evoked activity in the mouse SC while presenting visual stimuli to each eye individually or both together and reveal a surprising diversity of binocularly-modulated responses. Strikingly, we found that ~2/3 of all identified neurons in the anteromedial SC were binocularly-modulated. Furthermore, we identified four binocular subtypes based on their differential responses under varying ocularities of stimulus presentation. Interestingly, we found both orientation- and direction- selective (OS and DS, respectively) neurons in all four binocular subtypes. And, tuning properties of binocular neurons were distinct from neighboring monocular neurons, exhibiting more linear spatial summation. Together, these data suggest that binocular neurons are prevalent in the anteromedial SC of the mouse. Additionally, the distinct tuning properties of binocular neurons suggest a previously unappreciated complexity of visual processing in the SC, which may contribute to binocular perception.

scholarly journals Computational dissociation of dopaminergic and cholinergic effects on action selection and inhibitory control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Aponte ◽  
Dario Schöbi ◽  
Klaas E. Stephan ◽  
Jakob Heinzle
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractBackgroundPatients with schizophrenia make more errors than healthy subjects on the antisaccade task. In this paradigm, participants are required to inhibit a reflexive saccade to a target and to select the correct action (a saccade in the opposite direction). While the precise origin of this deficit is not clear, it has been connected to aberrant dopaminergic and cholinergic neuromodulation.MethodsTo study the impact of dopamine and acetylcholine on inhibitory control and action selection, we administered two selective drugs (levodopa 200mg/galantamine 8mg) to healthy volunteers (N=100) performing the antisaccade task. A computational model (SERIA) was employed to separate the contribution of inhibitory control and action selection to empirical reaction times and error rates.ResultsModeling suggested that levodopa improved action selection (at the cost of increased reaction times) but did not have a significant effect on inhibitory control. By contrast, according to our model, galantamine affected inhibitory control in a dose dependent fashion, reducing inhibition failures at low doses and increasing them at higher levels. These effects were sufficiently specific that the computational analysis allowed for identifying the drug administered to an individual with 70% accuracy.ConclusionsOur results do not support the hypothesis that elevated tonic dopamine strongly impairs inhibitory control. Rather levodopa improved the ability to select correct actions. Instead, inhibitory control was modulated by cholinergic drugs. This approach may provide a starting point for future computational assays that differentiate neuromodulatory abnormalities in heterogeneous diseases like schizophrenia.

Role of perceived risk in online banking and its impact on behavioral intention: trust as a moderator

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simarpreet Kaur ◽  
Sangeeta Arora
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Online Banking ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This paper aims to revisit the role of perceived risk in online banking, using an alternative view on trust as a moderator on the relationship between perceived risk and behavioral intention (BI). With this aim, the conceptual model was proposed to examine the impact of perceived risk on BI directly and indirectly via unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 along with its interactionist relationship with trust. Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modeling technique is used to analyze data collected from 677 bank customers via personal contact using a self-administered questionnaire. Findings The results indicate that perceived risk as a multi-dimensional construct has a direct and indirect impact on BI via performance expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation and price value. Moreover, it was found that trust moderates the relationship between perceived risk and BI. Practical implications This study suggests that banks should create a trust-building mechanism in the online banking environment and develop certain risk management strategies such as providing detailed and thorough information, money-back guarantee and reassurance services to enhance confidence among the customers to use such services. The banks should also devote valuable efforts in designing website interface with improved security features to facilitate usability and reliability of online banking services. Originality/value The present study makes an important contribution to the existing literature on e-commerce, especially in the field of online banking, by proposing an interactionist model between perceived risk and trust. The proposed model has never been examined in the relevant literature and could be used to provide a solid theoretical foundation in the context of online banking adoption.

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