scholarly journals Nomadic Norwegian Architecture: An Historical and Contemporary Study of Prefabricated Norwegian Whaling Settlements in the Southern Hemisphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hannah France
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Contemporary Study ◽  
Portable Architecture ◽  
Being Moved ◽  
Research And Design ◽  
Initial Research

<p>The early 1900’s saw a Norwegian Whaler’s base formed on Stewart Island where they shipped prefabricated buildings from Norway to create a settlement. The majority of these kitset buildings are still standing and apparently have had little modification from their original form. These buildings have no documentation of their materials, suitability of site or analysis of their current condition in this foreign environment. Initial research found one book by J.P.C Watt from the 1980’s which researches the Ross Sea whalers with little focus on the architecture or design. The book documents the movements of the buildings from their original service as a whaling station in the early 1900’s. This is an interesting ensemble of nomadic buildings, foreign to New Zealand, being moved around consistently and yet still remaining in the country today. Through the investigation of materiality, tectonics and individual building elements the research demonstrates how the buildings reacted to their nomadic inhabitants and also how the materials allowed for a sense of personal belonging to occur. This research aims to explore the materiality of Norwegian portable architecture and the material’s present conditions. It establishes that the nomadic/temporal nature of the Norwegian kitset buildings were not adapted to fit the New Zealand context and documents these buildings for future reference. The first step is literature research and design exploration of Norwegian kitset materials, tectonics and components. In the second step, analysis of case studies is conducted. Findings have been judged upon functionality, and therefore the design is a result of the site context and research.</p>

scholarly journals Nomadic Norwegian Architecture: An Historical and Contemporary Study of Prefabricated Norwegian Whaling Settlements in the Southern Hemisphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hannah France
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Contemporary Study ◽  
Portable Architecture ◽  
Being Moved ◽  
Research And Design ◽  
Initial Research

<p>The early 1900’s saw a Norwegian Whaler’s base formed on Stewart Island where they shipped prefabricated buildings from Norway to create a settlement. The majority of these kitset buildings are still standing and apparently have had little modification from their original form. These buildings have no documentation of their materials, suitability of site or analysis of their current condition in this foreign environment. Initial research found one book by J.P.C Watt from the 1980’s which researches the Ross Sea whalers with little focus on the architecture or design. The book documents the movements of the buildings from their original service as a whaling station in the early 1900’s. This is an interesting ensemble of nomadic buildings, foreign to New Zealand, being moved around consistently and yet still remaining in the country today. Through the investigation of materiality, tectonics and individual building elements the research demonstrates how the buildings reacted to their nomadic inhabitants and also how the materials allowed for a sense of personal belonging to occur. This research aims to explore the materiality of Norwegian portable architecture and the material’s present conditions. It establishes that the nomadic/temporal nature of the Norwegian kitset buildings were not adapted to fit the New Zealand context and documents these buildings for future reference. The first step is literature research and design exploration of Norwegian kitset materials, tectonics and components. In the second step, analysis of case studies is conducted. Findings have been judged upon functionality, and therefore the design is a result of the site context and research.</p>

Pioneer whalers in the Ross Sea, 1923–33

Polar Record ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Barr ◽  
James P.C. Watt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
British Government ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ross Ice Shelf ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Fin Whales ◽  
Blue Whales ◽  
Factory Ship

On Christmas Eve 1923, the whaling factory ship Sir James Clark Ross, commanded by Captain Carl Anton Larsen and accompanied by five catchers, reached the front of the Ross Ice Shelf; these were the first whaling vessels to operate in the Ross Sea. They had been dispatched by the Norwegian whaling company Hvalfangeraktienselskapet Rosshavet, which had obtained a licence from the British government. For most of the 1923–24 season, Sir James Clark Ross occupied an uneasy anchorage in the deep waters of Discovery Inlet, a narrow embayment in the front of the Ross Ice Shelf, while her catchers pursued whales widely in the Ross Sea. During that first season they killed and processed 221 whales (211 blue whales and 10 fin whales), which yielded 17,300 barrels of oil. During the next decade, with the exception of the 1931–32 season, Sir James Clark Ross and two other factory ships operated by Rosshavet, C.A. Larsen and Sir James Clark Ross II, operated in the Ross Sea. From the 1926–27 season onwards these ships were joined by up to three other factory ships and their catchers, operated by other companies. During the decade 1923–33 the Rosshavet ships killed and processed 9122 whales in the Ross Sea sector, mainly in the open waters of the Ross Sea south of the pack-ice belt. Total harvest for all factory ships from the Ross Sea sector for the period was 18,238 whales (mainly blue whales) producing 1,490,948 barrels of oil. From 1924 onwards the Rosshavet catchers wintered in Paterson Inlet on Stewart Island, New Zealand, and from 1925 onwards a well-equipped shipyard, Kaipipi Shipyard, operated on Price Peninsula in Paterson Inlet to service the Rosshavet ships.

‘For the sake of science and country’: the Ross Sea party 1914–1917

Polar Record ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Harrowfield
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Mcmurdo Sound ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Meteorological Observations

ABSTRACTIn December 1913 Sir Ernest Shackleton released a prospectus and announced The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. His goal was to undertake the first crossing of Antarctica from the Weddell Sea via the polar plateau to McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea. The journey had already been attempted by Wilhelm Filchner whose shipDeutschland, had become beset in the Weddell Sea ice for nine months in 1912. Shackleton aimed ‘to make all possible scientific observations on [the Trans-Antarctic] journey; to carry on similar work by parties operating from the two bases on the Weddell and Ross Seas [and] to carry on scientific work, and travel unknown portions of the coastline, by the two ships of the expedition’(Shackleton 1913: 3). WithEndurancea continental crossing party of six led by Shackleton would begin from the Weddell Sea and a supporting depot laying party led byNimrodveteran Lieutenant Aeneas L.A. Mackintosh RNR, with the auxiliary barquentineAurorabased in McMurdo Sound. Unbeknown to each party, both experienced problems beyond their control.Endurancewas holed and sank in the Weddell Sea andAuroralocked in ice, although damaged, reached New Zealand. Here the ship was repaired and then undertook a relief expedition with Shackleton as a passenger, to McMurdo Sound. In spite of these major setbacks each party conducted valuable scientific observations.When Shackleton published his bookSouth(Shackleton 1919) on the expedition, compiled with New Zealand journalist and friend Edward Saunders, with exception of accounts on the Ross Sea party sledging and drift of the shipAurora, no recognition was given to work undertaken by the four Ross Sea party scientists and an assistant. Later publications have focused on the depot-laying, while books on Antarctic science have largely overlooked the science undertaken.The purpose of this paper is to make this better known, and to give credit to the four scientists involved. The science conducted although primarily concerned with meteorological observations, also covers limited glaciological observations including the ablation of lake ice, solution of glacier ice in salt water, tidal recordings, collection of zoological and other specimens, along with the use of improvised equipment to undertake observations. The science achieved was secondary to the field work. The Ross Sea party science was done however, under conditions not normally conducive for such field work with health issues a major contributing factor. A lack of funding, equipment, personality problems, concern forAuroraand crew, uncertainty of Shackleton's Antarctic crossing and their own relief, led to depression, sleeplessness and insomnia.

scholarly journals The Village of the People Stands Night and Day, Guardians of their Ancestors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Hynd
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
The People ◽  
Design Values ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
The Village ◽  
Initial Research

<p>This thesis looks at the establishment of Maori values within a contemporary, de-colonialised architectural context. Through the 19th and 20th centuries, pre-colonial design archetypes and typologies were unable to modernise with new technologies and instead were replaced with colonial technology and thinking. This was done because of the suppression of Maori and Maori culture and lead to Maori cultural architecture and design that was stuck in traditional context and an identity that was unable to be applied to modern contexts. </p><p><br></p> <p>To begin, the initial research stages attempt to define a concise set of traditional, pre-colonial Maori design values and a second set of physical observations taken directly from an existing informal settlement that was not subject to colonial governing bodies or establishment. This is an important context as this acts as a decolonialisation element and begins a dialogue into how we form a new cultural identity for Maori built environments. From here the two sets of research are respectfully integrated each other forming a set of design guidelines. Having these values integrated together, the thesis then uses them as a platform for a well-informed piece of Maori Architectural and Urban design located in Rotorua, New Zealand. The purpose of this piece of research is not to create a hard set of guidelines but more to start a dialogue about how we can better inform our cultural architecture in New Zealand and how we can integrate Maori values into more of our architecture as a vehicle for high quality cultural diversity. Beginning this discussion is an acceptance that the suppression of Maori was an unfortunate occurrence of the past that at this point cannot be helped but through dialogue and action, we can look to rekindle the identity that our built environment lost all those years ago.</p>

scholarly journals Modelling Complexity and Uncertainty in Fisheries Stock Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
D'Arcy Webber
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
State Space ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
State Space Model ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Agent Based Models ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Space Model

<p>Stock assessment models are used to determine the population size of fish stocks. Although stock assessment models are complex, they still make simplifying assumptions. Generally, they treat each species separately, include little, if any, spatial structure, and may not adequately quantify uncertainty. These assumptions can introduce bias and can lead to incorrect inferences. This thesis is about more realistic models and their inference. This realism may be incorporated by explicitly modelling complex processes, or by admitting our uncertainty and modelling it correctly.  We develop an agent-based model that can describe fish populations as a collection of individuals which differ in their growth, maturation, migration, and mortality. The aim of this model is to better capture the richness in natural processes that determine fish abundance and subsequent population response to anthropogenic removals. However, this detail comes at considerable computational cost. A single model run can take many hours, making inference using standard methods impractical. We apply this model to New Zealand snapper (Pagurus auratus) in northern New Zealand.  Next, we developed an age-structured state-space model. We suggest that this sophisticated model has the potential to better represent uncertainty in stock assessment. However, it pushes the boundaries of the current practical limits of computing and we admit that its practical application remains limited until the MCMC mixing issues that we encountered can be resolved.   The processes that underpin agent-based models are complex and we may need to seek new sources of data to inform these types of models. To make a start here we derive a state-space model to estimate the path taken by individual fish from the day they are tagged to the day of their recapture. The model uses environmental information collected using pop-up satellite archival tags. We use tag recorded depth and oceanographic temperature to estimate the location at any given time. We apply this model to Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) in the Ross Sea.  Finally, to reduce the computational burden of agent-based models we use Bayesian emulation. This approach replaces the simulation model with an approximating algorithm called an emulator. The emulator is calibrated using relatively few runs of the original model. A good emulator provides a close approximation to the original model and has significant speed gains. Thus, inferences become tractable.  We have made the first steps towards developing a tractable approach to fisheries modelling in complex settings through the creation of realistic models, and their emulation. With further development, Bayesian emulation could result in the increased ability to consider and evaluate innovative methods in fisheries modelling. Future avenues for application and exploration range from spatial and multi species models, to ecosystem-based models and beyond.</p>

Deep-sea Rhachotropis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Eusiridae) from New Zealand and the Ross Sea with key to the Pacific, Indian Ocean and Antarctic species

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2482 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE-NINA LÖRZ
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Antarctic Species ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
The Pacific

The amphipod genus Rhachotropis has a worldwide distribution. Four species new to science are described, increasing the total number of Rhachotropis species to 59. Only one species was previously known from New Zealand and none from the Ross Sea. Two species Rhachotropis chathamensis sp. nov. and R. delicata sp. nov. were collected at the same station in 420 m depth off eastern New Zealand; R. rossi sp. nov. and R. abyssalis sp. nov. were collected below 3000 m depth in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Investigation of recently collected material as well as historic material from the NIWA Invertebrate collection revealed several specimens of Rhachotropis antarctica K.H. Barnard, 1932 sampled in the Ross Sea. Four damaged Rhachotropis specimens, recently collected from 5170 m in the Kermadec Trench, north of New Zealand, are reported. Epibionts have been discovered on the mouthparts of several specimens from New Zealand as well as the Ross Sea. Preliminary molecular investigations of the phylogeney of Rhachotropis are briefly discussed. A key to Pacific, Indian Ocean and Antarctic species of Rhachotropis is provided.

Notes on typification and nomenclature of four taxa of Geraniaceae described by Turczaninow from New Zealand and Australia

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 419 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGEI L. MOSYAKIN ◽  
PETER J. DE LANGE
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Second Step

Issues of the nomenclature and typification of four species of Geraniaceae described by Turczaninow from Australia and New Zealand are discussed. It is emphasized that holotypes or syntypes of all taxa described by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones series of articles are deposited in the Turczaninow historical herbarium at KW, unless noted otherwise in the protologue. Lectotypes are designated here for the names Geranium homeanum Turcz. (KW, second-step lectotypification), Erodium peristeroides Turcz. (KW), Pelargonium stenanthum Turcz. (K, to replace the lost holotype formerly held in KW), and P. inodorum Willd. (B, second-step lectotypification). Taxonomic identities of some names are discussed: Geranium homeanum and Pelargonium drummondii Turcz. (holotype in KW) are currently accepted species, Erodium peristeroides is considered a synonym of Pelargonium inodorum, and P. stenanthum is a synonym of P. littorale Huegel.

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