scholarly journals Pre-schoolers’ Reasoning in a False-Belief Test Involving Negative Desires

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
John Bell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

<p>How can people balance competing demands for efficiency and cognitive flexibility in understanding others’ beliefs and desires? The idea that humans have two systems for mindreading, a flexible but cognitively demanding system and a minimal, efficient system which operates quickly but possesses signature blindspots was tested. Spontaneous anticipatory looking (AL) and direct verbal predictions of 3- and 4- year-olds were assessed. Children’s AL responses displayed a signature blindspot to an agent’s desire to avoid an object in an unexpected-transfer false belief task. A dissociation between 4-year-olds’ spontaneous AL responses and direct verbal predictions in an avoidance task further supports a 2-mindreading-systems account. The quick efficient mindreading system tracks an agent’s desire to approach but not to avoid an object.</p>

scholarly journals Pre-schoolers’ Reasoning in a False-Belief Test Involving Negative Desires

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
John Bell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

<p>How can people balance competing demands for efficiency and cognitive flexibility in understanding others’ beliefs and desires? The idea that humans have two systems for mindreading, a flexible but cognitively demanding system and a minimal, efficient system which operates quickly but possesses signature blindspots was tested. Spontaneous anticipatory looking (AL) and direct verbal predictions of 3- and 4- year-olds were assessed. Children’s AL responses displayed a signature blindspot to an agent’s desire to avoid an object in an unexpected-transfer false belief task. A dissociation between 4-year-olds’ spontaneous AL responses and direct verbal predictions in an avoidance task further supports a 2-mindreading-systems account. The quick efficient mindreading system tracks an agent’s desire to approach but not to avoid an object.</p>

Applying the implicit-explicit distinction to development in children

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-783
Author(s):  
Ted Ruffman
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
False Belief ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
The World ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

This commentary focuses on how Dienes & Perner's (D&P's) claims relate to aspects of development. First, I discuss recent research that supports D&P's claim that anticipatory looking in a false belief task is guided by implicit knowledge. Second, I argue that implicit knowledge may be based on exposure to regularities in the world as D&P argue, but equally, it may sometimes be based on theories that conflict with real world regularities. Third, I discuss Munakata et al.'s notion of graded representations as an alternative to the implicit-explicit distinction in explaining dissociations in infancy.

scholarly journals The Developmental Differences of Implicit Theory of Mind in Infants Using Anticipatory Looking Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-516
Author(s):  
Heejung Sul ◽  
Hana Song
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

Objectives: This study examined the developmental differences of implicit theory of mind in infants aged 12 to 24 months according to two types of tasks within the anticipatory looking paradigm, as well as the interaction between age group and type of task.Methods: In all, 69 infants participated in this study aged 12, 18, and 24 months. Two types of implicit false-belief tasks using an anticipatory looking paradigm were administered to all the infants for about 4 minutes 20 seconds. While all of the infants watched two types of computerized video clips (FB1, FB2) through the computer screen, an eye-tracker (TobiiX120) recorded the traces of anticipatory looking of infants. The anticipatory looking of infants in test trials was then analyzed.Results: Results showed that the differences between the 12-month-olds and the other age groups (18-month-olds, 24-month-olds) were significant, but even some of the 12-month-olds showed evidence of an implicit theory of mind. The level of implicit theory of mind of 18-month infants did not significantly differ from that of 24-month infants. In addition, a difference by type of implicit false-belief task was significant. Infants showed a higher level of implicit theory of mind in Task1 (FB1) than in Task2 (FB2). However, the interaction effect between age and type of task was not significant.Conclusion: The findings of this study hold implications for the development of implicit theory of mind early in life, and indicate the validity of the anticipatory looking paradigm with two types of tasks. Several limitations and suggestions for future study are also presented.

scholarly journals Facilitating Research Consultations Using Cloud Services: Experiences, Preferences, and Best Practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Zuege Kuglitsch ◽  
Natalia Tingle ◽  
Alexander Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Library Users ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Google Apps For Education ◽  
Google Apps

The increasing complexity of the information ecosystem means that research consultations are increasingly important to meeting library users' needs. Yet librarians struggle to balance escalating demands on their time. How can we embrace this expanded role and maintain accessibility to users while balancing competing demands on our time? One tool that allows us to better navigate this shifting landscape is Google Appointment Calendar, part of Google Apps for Education. It makes it easier than ever for students to book a consultation with a librarian, while at the same time allowing the librarian to better control their schedule. Our research suggests that both students and librarians felt it was a useful, efficient system.

Evolutionary foundations of knowledge and belief attribution in nonhuman primates

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiro Kano ◽  
Josep Call
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Belief Attribution ◽  
Belief Attributions ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

Abstract Recent findings from anticipatory-looking false-belief tests have shown that nonhuman great apes and macaques anticipate that an agent will go to the location where the agent falsely believed an object to be. Phillips et al.'s claim that nonhuman primates attribute knowledge but not belief should thus be reconsidered. We propose that both knowledge and belief attributions are evolutionary old.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document