scholarly journals Why do people prepare for natural hazards? An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to household preparation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Vinnell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Recruitment Method ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Disaster Preparation ◽  
Education Campaigns

<p>Natural hazards impact millions of people globally and lead to billions of dollars of economic loss each year. New Zealand is one of many countries vulnerable to multiple natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and high impact weather. Despite these well-known risks, many residents of the capital city of Wellington have taken few steps to be more prepared. This location, therefore, presented an appropriate population for the investigations within this thesis. Decades of social science research has identified a multitude of factors related to preparation behaviour. However, many of these factors, such as risk perception and previous experience of natural hazards, are difficult to manipulate successfully in broad public education campaigns. The first main aim of this thesis was therefore to identify thoughts and beliefs about preparing which predict people’s preparation behaviour, with the aim of identifying specific factors which can be efficiently and effectively targeted in campaigns encouraging preparation. This research was structured using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which proposes a specific set of cognitions that affect intention formation as well as beliefs which inform those cognitions. In addition to using this model to structure the investigation, this thesis undertook several refinements and extensions to the model to address inconsistencies within TPB research. The intent of doing so was to provide a set of findings and a questionnaire which are not limited by those inconsistencies and which can be adapted for a range of behavioural contexts.  Four empirical studies were carried out, involving a total of 2,298 participants from the general population. Study 1 tested the applicability of this theory to the context of natural disaster preparation and clarified the nature of that context. Using an online survey of 722 residents of the urban Wellington region, Study 1 demonstrated low levels of preparation, identified not “getting around to it” as a main barrier to preparation, and supported a more extensive application of the TPB with the factors explaining approximately 16% of the variance in intentions. Study 2 tested a full TPB questionnaire including both the two-factor distinction (splitting attitudes into instrumental and experiential, norms in descriptive and injunctive, and perceived behaviour control into controllability and self-efficacy) and belief components which are proposed to precede attitudes, norms, and control. This study used an online sample of 603 Wellington residents. All the cognitions within the theory except perceived descriptive norms were significantly associated with either past behaviour or intentions to prepare, explaining approximately 47% of the variance in intentions. This study also included an experimental framing manipulation, demonstrating benefits of referring to “natural hazard” preparation rather than “natural disaster” preparation.   Study 3 concluded the development of the TPB questionnaire by assessing intentions, cognitions, and beliefs at one point in time and behaviour one month later to allow for stronger inferences about causality, with a sample of 61 participants across both time points. This study used a different recruitment method than the previous studies: posted survey invites using addresses randomly selected from the electoral roll. Although this method did not produce a more demographically representative sample than the recruitment method used in Studies 1 and 2 as intended, Study 3 reproduced the findings of the “natural hazard” condition in Study 2. Finally, this study identified several key beliefs related to preparing such as the belief that preparing helps people to get through a natural hazard event better, that people can make the effort to prepare, and that preparing can be fun and rewarding. These beliefs offer specific and tangible factors which can be efficiently addressed in public education campaigns.   An intervention run previously by the New Zealand National Emergency Agency, the ShakeOut earthquake drill, was retrospectively evaluated in Study 4 by comparing those who did and those who did not participate (N = 480) using the TPB framework. Those who participated in the drill demonstrated better knowledge and use of the protective actions that are the focus of the drill than those who did not participate. Although this intervention was not informed by the findings of the previous studies, drill participants also demonstrated more positive scores for the TPB cognitions and intentions compared to non-participants, although more of the variance in intentions was explained for the latter (approximately 41%) than the former (approximately 31%).   Overall, findings from the empirical studies support the recommendation for consistent inclusion of all tested refinements to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (i.e., the two-factor distinction, the inclusion of belief measures, and careful development of behavioural measures). This thesis represents a uniquely thorough test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to natural hazard preparation with important implications for both the contextual value of the theory and how the theory is applied in research broadly. The research also supports previous findings of the importance of instrumental attitudes and self-efficacy for natural hazard preparation and contributed the novel factor of experiential attitudes as well as identifying new, specific beliefs to target in public education campaigns. These contributions to our understanding of why people prepare for natural hazards can be used to encourage more people in Wellington, in New Zealand, and globally to be more prepared.</p>

scholarly journals Why do people prepare for natural hazards? An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to household preparation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Vinnell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Recruitment Method ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Disaster Preparation ◽  
Education Campaigns

<p>Natural hazards impact millions of people globally and lead to billions of dollars of economic loss each year. New Zealand is one of many countries vulnerable to multiple natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and high impact weather. Despite these well-known risks, many residents of the capital city of Wellington have taken few steps to be more prepared. This location, therefore, presented an appropriate population for the investigations within this thesis. Decades of social science research has identified a multitude of factors related to preparation behaviour. However, many of these factors, such as risk perception and previous experience of natural hazards, are difficult to manipulate successfully in broad public education campaigns. The first main aim of this thesis was therefore to identify thoughts and beliefs about preparing which predict people’s preparation behaviour, with the aim of identifying specific factors which can be efficiently and effectively targeted in campaigns encouraging preparation. This research was structured using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which proposes a specific set of cognitions that affect intention formation as well as beliefs which inform those cognitions. In addition to using this model to structure the investigation, this thesis undertook several refinements and extensions to the model to address inconsistencies within TPB research. The intent of doing so was to provide a set of findings and a questionnaire which are not limited by those inconsistencies and which can be adapted for a range of behavioural contexts.  Four empirical studies were carried out, involving a total of 2,298 participants from the general population. Study 1 tested the applicability of this theory to the context of natural disaster preparation and clarified the nature of that context. Using an online survey of 722 residents of the urban Wellington region, Study 1 demonstrated low levels of preparation, identified not “getting around to it” as a main barrier to preparation, and supported a more extensive application of the TPB with the factors explaining approximately 16% of the variance in intentions. Study 2 tested a full TPB questionnaire including both the two-factor distinction (splitting attitudes into instrumental and experiential, norms in descriptive and injunctive, and perceived behaviour control into controllability and self-efficacy) and belief components which are proposed to precede attitudes, norms, and control. This study used an online sample of 603 Wellington residents. All the cognitions within the theory except perceived descriptive norms were significantly associated with either past behaviour or intentions to prepare, explaining approximately 47% of the variance in intentions. This study also included an experimental framing manipulation, demonstrating benefits of referring to “natural hazard” preparation rather than “natural disaster” preparation.   Study 3 concluded the development of the TPB questionnaire by assessing intentions, cognitions, and beliefs at one point in time and behaviour one month later to allow for stronger inferences about causality, with a sample of 61 participants across both time points. This study used a different recruitment method than the previous studies: posted survey invites using addresses randomly selected from the electoral roll. Although this method did not produce a more demographically representative sample than the recruitment method used in Studies 1 and 2 as intended, Study 3 reproduced the findings of the “natural hazard” condition in Study 2. Finally, this study identified several key beliefs related to preparing such as the belief that preparing helps people to get through a natural hazard event better, that people can make the effort to prepare, and that preparing can be fun and rewarding. These beliefs offer specific and tangible factors which can be efficiently addressed in public education campaigns.   An intervention run previously by the New Zealand National Emergency Agency, the ShakeOut earthquake drill, was retrospectively evaluated in Study 4 by comparing those who did and those who did not participate (N = 480) using the TPB framework. Those who participated in the drill demonstrated better knowledge and use of the protective actions that are the focus of the drill than those who did not participate. Although this intervention was not informed by the findings of the previous studies, drill participants also demonstrated more positive scores for the TPB cognitions and intentions compared to non-participants, although more of the variance in intentions was explained for the latter (approximately 41%) than the former (approximately 31%).   Overall, findings from the empirical studies support the recommendation for consistent inclusion of all tested refinements to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (i.e., the two-factor distinction, the inclusion of belief measures, and careful development of behavioural measures). This thesis represents a uniquely thorough test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to natural hazard preparation with important implications for both the contextual value of the theory and how the theory is applied in research broadly. The research also supports previous findings of the importance of instrumental attitudes and self-efficacy for natural hazard preparation and contributed the novel factor of experiential attitudes as well as identifying new, specific beliefs to target in public education campaigns. These contributions to our understanding of why people prepare for natural hazards can be used to encourage more people in Wellington, in New Zealand, and globally to be more prepared.</p>

Climate Change and Amplified Representations of Natural Hazards in Institutional Cultures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Bremer ◽  
Paul Schneider ◽  
Bruce Glavovic
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Risk Quantification ◽  
Institutional Cultures

Rapid climatic, natural and societal changes are altering the ways natural hazard risks are represented in societies, and in turn disrupting the ways people respond to these hazards. This poses an important challenge to how societies (re-)build institutions for governing or controlling risks. Institutions are systems of rules, norms and decision-making processes that structure our social interaction and practices. They organize how people define, plan for, and manage natural hazard risks; indeed, they create notions of risk. Going deeper, social sciences have defined institutions by the underlying “culture” on which they are built; the symbols, principles, core beliefs, and cognitive scripts that give institutions meaning. The culture structures how institutions represent the intertwined natural and social world that gives rise to natural hazard risks. Cultures work as a script for classing risks; giving people cues on how to understand and interpret the dangerous situations they find themselves in. Modern institutions are increasingly shaped by techno-scientific cultures, defining hazards and risks by their technically framed probability of physical harm, often expressed in terms of loss and damage. This risk quantification, and aspirations for precision, can give a false sense of control. But climatic change is already undermining, and threatening to undo, many of the long-held representations of natural and social order (and risk to this order) that steer institutions. Current case study research, in different places around the world, shows how climatic change is altering the way institutions interpret the natural hazards they manage in Bangladesh, New Zealand, and Norway for example. Dramatic climate change is confounding institutions’ cultures of risk quantification, and protection, shaking their claims to control natural hazards and undermining public trust in these institutions. One response is that institutions change the ways they define and class hazards, so that ordinary hazards are amplified as extraordinary. Faced with risks that are going beyond their experience and control, some institutions are compelled to unreflexively amplify well-intentioned protection-based responses, with at times unforeseen and disastrous consequences. Cases in Bangladesh and Norway both show how rushed river engineering works can evoke resistance from local communities. Emergency coastal protection can also have deleterious long-term social-ecological impacts, as experience shows in New Zealand. Scholars and practitioners alike recognize the need for critical reflection on how institutional cultures alter natural hazard risks according to climatic and other changes. This reflection is practical work that affects how people operate in institutions every day. It is structural work, as institutions change their rules as they learn more about risks. And it is work of social change, with social groups inside and outside institutions increasingly vocal in their criticism of changing climate risk framings. Case studies illustrate processes of institutional change, but equally, the resistance of institutions to change their cultures and notions of risk.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION OF HALAL MEAT IN KANO-NIGERIA: A CONCEPTUAL PAPER

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Sulaiman Yahya ◽  
Shaizatulaqma Kamalul Ariffin
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Meat Product ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Product Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Consumer Purchase Intention ◽  
Halal Food

The trend in the consumption of halal food products is experiencing a daily increase, as a result of the fact that the demand of halal food products is becoming higher and higher from consumers worldwide due to its safety, hygiene and quality. Even though the issue of the demand of halal food products has been widely highlighted in some existing halal literature, the determining factors influencing consumer purchase intention of halal meat product in Kano-Nigeria is yet to be discussed well in the current literature. This concept paper will discuss factors such as attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, product knowledge, product trust, celebrity endorsement, religiosity, and personal norm as an extension of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in the current complex food trade scenario. Cross-sectional quantitative survey approach will be used as the method of this study, using a self-administered questionnaire to collect the data. 500 questionnaires will be distributed within the total population frame of 9 million people living in Kano. The research findings can provide valuable insights for halal meat retailers on influencing factors that affect consumer's intention to consume and purchase from them. The findings of this study will enrich existing literature on halal meat product as well as broaden and deepen the theory of planned behaviour. It may also contribute towards necessary policy changes surrounding the halal meat market in Kano-Nigeria. Empirical studies by future researchers can be employed to test the relationship between the factors and also uncover other factors that can help in enhancing the purchase intention of halal meat product.

scholarly journals Examining the Enviroschools programme within the greater Wellington region: A mixed methods approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ria Goble
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Education For Sustainability ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Children’S Behaviour ◽  
Action Competence

<p>This study focused on the Enviroschools organisation, a provider of education for sustainability in Aotearoa New Zealand. This research used a mixed-methods approach, involving seven schools in the Wellington region. Study one incorporated qualitative methods and gained insight into how the Enviroschools programme works in schools through interviewing teachers. Specifically, this study examined: 1) How the Enviroschools programme is implemented in different schools, 2) How action competence (a key component of the Enviroschools programme) is encouraged in students, and 3) Identified the challenges and benefits that teachers faced when implementing the programme.  The second study used a quantitative approach and aimed to identify if variables from the Theory of Planned Behaviour could predict children’s behaviour intentions. Study two: 1) Explored whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour could predict children’s gardening and waste behaviour intentions, 2) Investigated whether environmental concern could explain behaviour intentions, and 3) Explored whether socio-demographic variables helped explain behaviour intentions.   The results of study one highlighted the different ways in which teachers implemented the Enviroschools programme; this varied from being fully integrated throughout their teaching to offering extra-curricular environmental activities. The challenges and benefits included a lack of support, positive impacts on the community, and the influence of school culture.   The quantitative survey (n=155) found that the Theory of Planned Behaviour variables could predict both Living Landscapes and Zero Waste behaviour intentions. However, environmental concern or socio-demographics did not add to explaining behaviour intentions.   These study findings may benefit the Enviroschools organisation and policy makers who want to improve education for sustainability in New Zealand and know which variables to target to increase children’s engagement in waste and gardening behaviours.</p>

scholarly journals Operational requirements for an earthquake forecasting programme for New Zealand

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
David Vere-Jones ◽  
David Harte ◽  
Michael J. Kozuch
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Hazard Mitigation ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Earthquake Forecasting ◽  
Natural Hazard Mitigation ◽  
Operational Forecasting

This paper reviews considerations attendant on introducing an operational forecasting scheme in New Zealand. A background section summarizes the current views on the scientific basis of earthquake forecasting and the progress of empirical studies on New Zealand data. Further sections examine the likely form and time-scale of earthquake forecasts, technical resources required for different aspects of developing the forecasts, the need to identify and work with users of forecast information, and the protocols and procedures for issuing regular and ad hoc forecasts. The need for integrating the development of a forecasting programme within a coordinated framework of natural hazard mitigation is emphasized.

scholarly journals Examining the Enviroschools programme within the greater Wellington region: A mixed methods approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ria Goble
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Education For Sustainability ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Children’S Behaviour ◽  
Action Competence

<p>This study focused on the Enviroschools organisation, a provider of education for sustainability in Aotearoa New Zealand. This research used a mixed-methods approach, involving seven schools in the Wellington region. Study one incorporated qualitative methods and gained insight into how the Enviroschools programme works in schools through interviewing teachers. Specifically, this study examined: 1) How the Enviroschools programme is implemented in different schools, 2) How action competence (a key component of the Enviroschools programme) is encouraged in students, and 3) Identified the challenges and benefits that teachers faced when implementing the programme.  The second study used a quantitative approach and aimed to identify if variables from the Theory of Planned Behaviour could predict children’s behaviour intentions. Study two: 1) Explored whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour could predict children’s gardening and waste behaviour intentions, 2) Investigated whether environmental concern could explain behaviour intentions, and 3) Explored whether socio-demographic variables helped explain behaviour intentions.   The results of study one highlighted the different ways in which teachers implemented the Enviroschools programme; this varied from being fully integrated throughout their teaching to offering extra-curricular environmental activities. The challenges and benefits included a lack of support, positive impacts on the community, and the influence of school culture.   The quantitative survey (n=155) found that the Theory of Planned Behaviour variables could predict both Living Landscapes and Zero Waste behaviour intentions. However, environmental concern or socio-demographics did not add to explaining behaviour intentions.   These study findings may benefit the Enviroschools organisation and policy makers who want to improve education for sustainability in New Zealand and know which variables to target to increase children’s engagement in waste and gardening behaviours.</p>

scholarly journals Behavioural factor-based clustering to examine why small businesses choose particular bank: The New Zealand evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 292-305
Author(s):  
Zakaria Boulanouar ◽  
Tahar Lazhar Ayed ◽  
Stuart Locke
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Behavioral Factors ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Factor ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Behavioural Factors

In this paper, using the theory of planned behaviour, behavioural and non-behavioural factors underpinning small business’ (SB) choice of a bank are explored. To date, we are unaware of any study that uses a behavioural approach to study bank selection by SBs owner/managers. These factors, discussed in the literature, form the basis of a questionnaire administered in New Zealand. Univariate & bivariate analyses, in addition to cluster analysis of the data, show that behavioral factors, such as knowing a person in the bank, prior personal banking experience and recommendation/referrals, are shown to be most important. Also, after controlling for size, industry, and age of business it is found that there is no statistically significant difference in choice variables. Further, inertia is strong once a bank is chosen and cost, while emphasized, does not trigger actions. A cluster analysis of SB owners/managers produced four different groups. However, all of these groups are affected by the same behavioural factors in their choice of a banking partner.

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