Comparison of Disaster Safety Datasets and Service in Korean and Japanese Public Data Portals

The purpose of this study is to obtain implications through comparative analysis of disaster safety datasets and services of representative public data portals in Korea and Japan. Comparative standards were established first. Then, dataset weight analysis of disaster-type and safety-management -stage components, trend analysis through text mining on data-set descriptions, and data quality and portal services analysis were performed. As a result public data sets were lower in Korea both numerically and proportionally than in Japan. Japan had a high proportion of disaster preparation and recovery datasets in terms of disaster safety management, while Korea had a high proportion of prevention data-sets. In addition, in terms of disaster response collaboration, most of Korea has material management and resource support, but Japan has high proportion of emergency recovery and situation management of damaged facilities. In terms of data quality, Japan has many datasets with four levels of Berners-Lee rating. However Korea has a high proportion of datasets with three levels of Beners-Lee rating. However, Korea has a better data format for big-data utilization. Portal services are mainly centered on natural disasters in Japan, but in Korea, they are centered on social disasters. The results of this study provide a reference for the future direction of disaster safety public data portals in Korea.

Narrative trajectories of disaster response: ethical preparedness from Katrina to COVID-19

While COVID-19 brings unprecedented challenges to the US healthcare system, understanding narratives of historical disasters illuminates ethical complexities shared with COVID-19. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina revealed a lack of disaster preparation and protocol, not dissimilar to the challenges faced by COVID-19 healthcare workers. A case study of Memorial Hospital during Hurricane Katrina reported by journalist-MD Sheri Fink reveals unique ethical challenges at the forefront of health crises. These challenges include disproportionate suffering in structurally vulnerable populations, as seen in COVID-19 where marginalised groups across the USA experience higher rates of disease and COVID-19-related death. Journalistic accounts of Katrina and COVID-19 offer unique perspectives on the ethical challenges present within medicine and society, and analysis of such stories reveals narrative trajectories anticipated in the aftermath of COVID-19. Through lenses of social suffering and structural violence, these narratives reinforce the need for systemic change, including legal action, ethical preparedness and physician protection to ensure high-quality care during times of crises. Narrative Medicine—as a practice of interrogating stories in medicine and re-centering the patient—offers a means to contextualise individual accounts of suffering during health crises in larger social matrices.

Why do people prepare for natural hazards? An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to household preparation

<p>Natural hazards impact millions of people globally and lead to billions of dollars of economic loss each year. New Zealand is one of many countries vulnerable to multiple natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and high impact weather. Despite these well-known risks, many residents of the capital city of Wellington have taken few steps to be more prepared. This location, therefore, presented an appropriate population for the investigations within this thesis. Decades of social science research has identified a multitude of factors related to preparation behaviour. However, many of these factors, such as risk perception and previous experience of natural hazards, are difficult to manipulate successfully in broad public education campaigns. The first main aim of this thesis was therefore to identify thoughts and beliefs about preparing which predict people’s preparation behaviour, with the aim of identifying specific factors which can be efficiently and effectively targeted in campaigns encouraging preparation. This research was structured using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which proposes a specific set of cognitions that affect intention formation as well as beliefs which inform those cognitions. In addition to using this model to structure the investigation, this thesis undertook several refinements and extensions to the model to address inconsistencies within TPB research. The intent of doing so was to provide a set of findings and a questionnaire which are not limited by those inconsistencies and which can be adapted for a range of behavioural contexts. Four empirical studies were carried out, involving a total of 2,298 participants from the general population. Study 1 tested the applicability of this theory to the context of natural disaster preparation and clarified the nature of that context. Using an online survey of 722 residents of the urban Wellington region, Study 1 demonstrated low levels of preparation, identified not “getting around to it” as a main barrier to preparation, and supported a more extensive application of the TPB with the factors explaining approximately 16% of the variance in intentions. Study 2 tested a full TPB questionnaire including both the two-factor distinction (splitting attitudes into instrumental and experiential, norms in descriptive and injunctive, and perceived behaviour control into controllability and self-efficacy) and belief components which are proposed to precede attitudes, norms, and control. This study used an online sample of 603 Wellington residents. All the cognitions within the theory except perceived descriptive norms were significantly associated with either past behaviour or intentions to prepare, explaining approximately 47% of the variance in intentions. This study also included an experimental framing manipulation, demonstrating benefits of referring to “natural hazard” preparation rather than “natural disaster” preparation. Study 3 concluded the development of the TPB questionnaire by assessing intentions, cognitions, and beliefs at one point in time and behaviour one month later to allow for stronger inferences about causality, with a sample of 61 participants across both time points. This study used a different recruitment method than the previous studies: posted survey invites using addresses randomly selected from the electoral roll. Although this method did not produce a more demographically representative sample than the recruitment method used in Studies 1 and 2 as intended, Study 3 reproduced the findings of the “natural hazard” condition in Study 2. Finally, this study identified several key beliefs related to preparing such as the belief that preparing helps people to get through a natural hazard event better, that people can make the effort to prepare, and that preparing can be fun and rewarding. These beliefs offer specific and tangible factors which can be efficiently addressed in public education campaigns. An intervention run previously by the New Zealand National Emergency Agency, the ShakeOut earthquake drill, was retrospectively evaluated in Study 4 by comparing those who did and those who did not participate (N = 480) using the TPB framework. Those who participated in the drill demonstrated better knowledge and use of the protective actions that are the focus of the drill than those who did not participate. Although this intervention was not informed by the findings of the previous studies, drill participants also demonstrated more positive scores for the TPB cognitions and intentions compared to non-participants, although more of the variance in intentions was explained for the latter (approximately 41%) than the former (approximately 31%). Overall, findings from the empirical studies support the recommendation for consistent inclusion of all tested refinements to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (i.e., the two-factor distinction, the inclusion of belief measures, and careful development of behavioural measures). This thesis represents a uniquely thorough test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to natural hazard preparation with important implications for both the contextual value of the theory and how the theory is applied in research broadly. The research also supports previous findings of the importance of instrumental attitudes and self-efficacy for natural hazard preparation and contributed the novel factor of experiential attitudes as well as identifying new, specific beliefs to target in public education campaigns. These contributions to our understanding of why people prepare for natural hazards can be used to encourage more people in Wellington, in New Zealand, and globally to be more prepared.</p>

Why do people prepare for natural hazards? An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to household preparation

<p>Natural hazards impact millions of people globally and lead to billions of dollars of economic loss each year. New Zealand is one of many countries vulnerable to multiple natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and high impact weather. Despite these well-known risks, many residents of the capital city of Wellington have taken few steps to be more prepared. This location, therefore, presented an appropriate population for the investigations within this thesis. Decades of social science research has identified a multitude of factors related to preparation behaviour. However, many of these factors, such as risk perception and previous experience of natural hazards, are difficult to manipulate successfully in broad public education campaigns. The first main aim of this thesis was therefore to identify thoughts and beliefs about preparing which predict people’s preparation behaviour, with the aim of identifying specific factors which can be efficiently and effectively targeted in campaigns encouraging preparation. This research was structured using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which proposes a specific set of cognitions that affect intention formation as well as beliefs which inform those cognitions. In addition to using this model to structure the investigation, this thesis undertook several refinements and extensions to the model to address inconsistencies within TPB research. The intent of doing so was to provide a set of findings and a questionnaire which are not limited by those inconsistencies and which can be adapted for a range of behavioural contexts. Four empirical studies were carried out, involving a total of 2,298 participants from the general population. Study 1 tested the applicability of this theory to the context of natural disaster preparation and clarified the nature of that context. Using an online survey of 722 residents of the urban Wellington region, Study 1 demonstrated low levels of preparation, identified not “getting around to it” as a main barrier to preparation, and supported a more extensive application of the TPB with the factors explaining approximately 16% of the variance in intentions. Study 2 tested a full TPB questionnaire including both the two-factor distinction (splitting attitudes into instrumental and experiential, norms in descriptive and injunctive, and perceived behaviour control into controllability and self-efficacy) and belief components which are proposed to precede attitudes, norms, and control. This study used an online sample of 603 Wellington residents. All the cognitions within the theory except perceived descriptive norms were significantly associated with either past behaviour or intentions to prepare, explaining approximately 47% of the variance in intentions. This study also included an experimental framing manipulation, demonstrating benefits of referring to “natural hazard” preparation rather than “natural disaster” preparation. Study 3 concluded the development of the TPB questionnaire by assessing intentions, cognitions, and beliefs at one point in time and behaviour one month later to allow for stronger inferences about causality, with a sample of 61 participants across both time points. This study used a different recruitment method than the previous studies: posted survey invites using addresses randomly selected from the electoral roll. Although this method did not produce a more demographically representative sample than the recruitment method used in Studies 1 and 2 as intended, Study 3 reproduced the findings of the “natural hazard” condition in Study 2. Finally, this study identified several key beliefs related to preparing such as the belief that preparing helps people to get through a natural hazard event better, that people can make the effort to prepare, and that preparing can be fun and rewarding. These beliefs offer specific and tangible factors which can be efficiently addressed in public education campaigns. An intervention run previously by the New Zealand National Emergency Agency, the ShakeOut earthquake drill, was retrospectively evaluated in Study 4 by comparing those who did and those who did not participate (N = 480) using the TPB framework. Those who participated in the drill demonstrated better knowledge and use of the protective actions that are the focus of the drill than those who did not participate. Although this intervention was not informed by the findings of the previous studies, drill participants also demonstrated more positive scores for the TPB cognitions and intentions compared to non-participants, although more of the variance in intentions was explained for the latter (approximately 41%) than the former (approximately 31%). Overall, findings from the empirical studies support the recommendation for consistent inclusion of all tested refinements to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (i.e., the two-factor distinction, the inclusion of belief measures, and careful development of behavioural measures). This thesis represents a uniquely thorough test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to natural hazard preparation with important implications for both the contextual value of the theory and how the theory is applied in research broadly. The research also supports previous findings of the importance of instrumental attitudes and self-efficacy for natural hazard preparation and contributed the novel factor of experiential attitudes as well as identifying new, specific beliefs to target in public education campaigns. These contributions to our understanding of why people prepare for natural hazards can be used to encourage more people in Wellington, in New Zealand, and globally to be more prepared.</p>

Development of Pictorial Card “Kencana” (Disaster Preparation) as a Media of Group Guidance Services in SMP N 1 Wonosari

This study is aimed to develop a product called the Kartu Kesiapsiagaan Bencana “KENCANA” (Disaster Preparedness) pictorial card which can be used as a media for group guidance services in junior high schools. The material theme of this card is physical, psychological, social, and spiritual disaster preparedness. This research is an R&D (Research and Development) research by adopting the Borg and Gall development model. The stages of this research consisted of: 1) the data collection stage, 2) the product planning stage, 3) the product development stage and 4) the validation and testing stages. The research subjects were 8th grade students of SMP N 1 Wonosari, Gunungkidul. The results showed that the pictorial cards KENCANA (Disaster Preparedness) were suitable for being used by the counseling teacher as a media for group guidance services and also used as a media for evaluating student understanding of the preparedness material that had been previously presented with good criteria based on all aspects that have been validated and tested.

Development of New Typhoon Rating to Predict Magnitude of Damage

For preparing damage from typhoons, the new typhoon rating system was developed that can predict the magnitude of damage by using the maximum wind speed and rainfall for duration 3 hrs at a specific location along the track. Existing forecasts predict typhoon’s characteristic values such as tack, minimum pressure, maximum wind speed and radiis, and issue typhoon advisories and typhoon warnings when danger or damage is expected. However, as it is difficult to prepare a response using this information alone, I developed new typhoon ratings that took the typhoon damage scale into account to aid disaster preparation. I divided typhoon grades into four classes based on the magnitude of damage. The grades were determined based on the maximum wind speed at a point near the 33° north latitude and rainfall for duration 3 hrs from the time at that point.

Perancangan Media Edukasi Mitigasi Bencana dengan Pendekatan Desain Partisipatif di Kecamatan Bojongsoang

Abstrak Kawasan Sungai Citarum di Jawa Barat memiliki karakteristik bencana hidrometeorologi yang khas terkait kualitas air. Edukasi kesiapsiagaan dan pengetahuan tentang bencana menjadi hal yang mutlak, dikaitkan dengan siklus manajemen bencana, yaitu pada tahap pra-bencana. Kelompok budaya yang berbeda memiliki kepercayaan yang berbeda-beda pula tentang bagaimana menghadapi bencana, sehingga seringkali merespon sebuah fenomena bencana dengan cara yang tidak diduga oleh masyarakat modern. Pendekatan desain partisipatif digunakan untuk melakukan edukasi bencana dengan nilai-nilai setempat pada masyarakat Sunda khususnya Kecamatan Bojongsoang. Pelibatan partisipan dari kelompok protagonis memungkinkan pesan dikembangkan, diproduksi dan didistribusikan oleh masyarakat setempat. Pengembangan media poster, animasi, poster digital berbasis media sosial dan buku memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda sehingga penelitian ini juga dapat menemukan rekomendasi strategi media dan metode desain yang spesifik-tempat untuk kampanye edukasi bencana hidrometeorologi. Konsep yang lahir dari penelitian kemudian digunakan sebagai rekomendasi untuk melakukan proses desain berikutnya terkait metode dan pendekatan desain, desain visual, serta strategi media untuk menyampaikan pesan pada khalayak sasaran. Kelompok protagonis dilibatkan dalam distribusi pesan pada masyarakat di daerahnya. Pengetahuan dan pengalaman partisipan yang berada di lingkungan komunitasnya memperkaya desain, produk komunikasi, dan pendekatan dalam konten edukasi yang ditampilkan dalam kampanye sosial. Kata Kunci: desain partisipatif, media edukasi, mitigasi bencana AbstractThe Citarum River area in West Java has typical hydrometeorological disaster characteristics related to water quality. Education on disaster preparation and knowledge are essential, linked to the disaster management cycle, as part of the pre-disaster stage. Different cultural groups have different beliefs about the concepts of dealing with disaster, so they often respond to a catastrophic phenomenon in ways that modern society does not expect. The participatory design approach was used to implement disaster education with local values in the Sundanese community, especially in Bojongsoang Regency. The involvement of participants from the protagonist group allows messages to be developed, produced, and distributed by the community. The development of media posters, animations, digital posters based on social media and books have different characteristics that can also find strategic recommendations on media and design methods that are site-specific for hydrometeorological disaster education campaigns. The concept was born from the research is then used as a recommendation to carry out the next design process related to design methods and approaches, visual design, and media strategies to convey the message to the target audience. The protagonist group is also involved in the distribution of information to the community in the area. Participants’ knowledge and experience in their living space, enrich the design, communication products, and educational content in the social campaign. Keywords: disaster education, educational media, mitigation, participatory design

Sentiment Analyses of Twitter for Winter Storm Leo

This study sheds new light on sentiment analysis of Twitter for natural disasters according to a magnitude of the importance of information and a multitude of regions and periods. First, this study finds that a winter storm plays a more important role in positive sentiment than negative sentiment based on the magnitude of the importance of information and the number of tweets. Second, people are more interested in sharing information about the weather, such as forecasts and reports, rather than the positive or negative sentiment according to the winter storm. Third, people actively utilize their Twitter for disaster preparation, response, and recovery. Fourth, the spatial patterns of the proportion of tweets in the US states are differentiated by weeks. The results show that governments should develop natural disaster policies by understanding a multitude of human responses, needs, regional characteristics, and periods.

Sources of Information, Training Needs, Preparation and Response to Disaster of Selected Communities in Central Luzon, Philippines

Nature has its due course and disaster is always an aftermath of a catastrophic event. The purpose of this study is to assess the sources of information, training needs, preparation, and response of the community to disaster. To achieve this purpose, the study used a descriptive design with the survey as the instrument for data gathering. For the respondents, 136 individuals took part in the survey which took two months to accommodate. The researcher created a simple survey instrument and subjected it to reliability and validity tests. In analyzing the data, the researcher used weighted mean, standard deviation, t-test, and analysis of variance. Results showed that the radio is the most common source of information to disaster. Respondents emphasized the need for disaster training in the community and they also indicated that they partially observed the preparation and response in their communities. At the same time, there were significant differences observed in the sources of information, training needs, preparation, and response to the disaster of the respondents when grouped according to their communities. Furthermore, a significant difference emerged in the training needs when grouped according to the members of the family. Based on the results, the researcher recommends a community disaster preparation enhancement program for the involved communities in the study.