Heritage Education in Myanmar – developing resilience and sustainability through community engagement | မြန်ြာနိုင်ငံ၏အမြေအနှစ်ဆိုင်ရာပညာမရး ( လူထုအားမြင့် ကြံ့ခိုင်မရးနှ ငမ့် ရရညှ ်တည်တ့နံ ုငိ မ် ရး)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Charlotte Galloway ◽  
Elizabeth Moore ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Develop World ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Local Staff ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Education

Over the last decade Myanmar has experienced a strong increase in interest in Myanmar’s heritage and a demand for local expertise in heritage management. However, in Myanmar there is no formal education in heritage studies. This is recognised as a significant gap in Myanmar’s abilities to manage and develop world heritage sites, as well as national and local level heritage sites, to international standards. To address this gap a group of researchers are preparing models for Myanmar Heritage Education considering short, medium and long-term goals. The models consider local and national heritage management needs, and ways to up-skill local staff working in heritage fields so course content can be delivered by Myanmar experts and become selfsustaining. Formal government accredited courses of study will take some time to implement. In the current covid-19 environment there is opportunity to focus on the role of community groups in heritage management. This paper will discuss current activities undertaken by community groups in heritage areas, and outline opportunities to engage community more fully in the longterm management of Myanmar’s cultural heritage. The aim is to develop local resources that are resilient and sustainable. မြန်ြာနိုင်ငံ၏ အ မြေအနှစ်ထိန်းသိြ်း မေးလုပ်ငန်းြျားတေင် ဆယ်နှစ်အတေင်း စိတ်ဝင်စားြှု တိူးတက်လာပပီး မပည်တေင်းကျွြ်းကျင်သူြျားစေားေှိေန် လိုအပ်လာပါသည်။ မြန်ြာနိုင်ငံေှိ တက္ကသိုလ်ြျား တေင် ယခု အချနိ ် အထိ အမ ြေအနှစ် ထိန်းသိြ်းမ ေး ပညာေပ်အတေက် ဘေဲ့ မပးနိုင်သည့် အဆင့် ထိ သင်ကကား မပးနိုင်ြှု ြေှိ မသးပါ။ ထို အချက်သည် ကြ္ဘာ အ မြေအနှစ်၊ နိုင်ငံအ မြေအနှစ်နှင့် မေသဆိုင်ော အ မြေအနှစ်ြျားကိုထိန်းသိြ်း မစာင့် မေှာက်ောတေင် မြန်ြာနိုင်ငံ ၏ အ မေးတကကီးလိုအပ်လျက် ေှိမသာကေက်လပ် အမြစ်သတိမပုနိုင်ပါသည်။ ထိုကေက်လပ်ကို မမြေှင်းနိုင်ေန်အတေက် သု မတသနပညာေှင်တစ်စုသည် မြန်ြာ့အ မြေအနှစ်ထိန်းသိြ်း မေးပညာ အတေက် ကာလတို၊ အလယ်အလတ်နှင့် ကာလေှည် ေည်ြှန်းချက်ြျားချြှတ်ပပီး လုပ် မဆာင်နိုင်ြည့်ပုံ စံြျားကိုမပင်ဆင် မနပါသည်။ ထိုလုပ် မဆာင်နိုင်ြည့်ပုံစံြျားတေင် မေသဆိုင်ောနှင့် နိုင်ငံလုံးဆိုင်ော အ မြေအနှစ်ထိန်းသိြ်း မေးလိုအပ်ချက်ြျား၊ နိုင်ငံတေင်းသက်ဆိုင်ော လုပ်ငန်းလုပ် မဆာင် မနသူြျားကို အေည် အ မသေးမြှင့်တင်နိုင်ြည့်နည်းလြ်းြျားကို စဥ်းစားထားပပီး၊ မြန်ြာ ပညာေှင်ြျားက ပို့ချ၍ ကိုယ်တိုင် ေပ်တည်နိုင်ြည့် အ မမခအ မနကိုစဥ်းစားထားပါသည်။ အစိုးေြှ အသိအြှတ်မပု မသာ ပုံြှန် (ဘေဲ့)သင်တန်းြျားြေင့်လှစ်ေန် အချနိ ်ယူေြည် မြစ်ပါသည်။ လတ်တ မ လာ Covid 19 ကူးစက်မပန့်ပေားမ နချနိ ်တေင် အ မြေအနှစ်ထိန်းသိြ်းမ ေး အတေက် လူြှုအြေဲ့အစည်း၏ပါဝင်ြှု အခန်း ကဏ္ဍ ကိုအာရုံစိုက်ေန် အခေင့် အ မေးပင်မြစ်ပါသည်။ ဤစာတြ်းတေင် သက်ဆိုင်ော အ မြေအနှစ်မေသ အသီးသီးြှ လူြှု အြေဲ့ြျား၏ လှုပ်ေှားြှုြျား၊ မြန်ြာ့ယဥ် မကျးြှု အ မြေအနှစ်ြျား မေေှည်ထိန်းသိြ်းြှုတေင် လူြှု အြေဲ့အစည်းြျားြှ ပိုြိုပါဝင်နိုင်ြည့် အခေင့်အလြ်းြျား ချြှတ်မခင်းတို့ပါဝင်ပါသည်။ ခံနိုင်ေည်ေမှိ သာ၊ အနာဂတ်ြျုိးဆက်အတေက်လက်ေှိ စေြ်းအားြျားကို အ မကာင်းအတိုင်းချန်ထားနိုင် မသာ မပည်တေင်းစေြ်းအားစုြျားကို ပိုြို တိုးတက်လာ မအာင် မဆာင်ေွက်ေန်ေည်ေွယ်ပါသည်။

What services are available for the treatment of transsexuals in Great Britain?

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 210-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Murjan ◽  
M. Shepherd ◽  
B. G. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Local Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
High Court ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Specialist Services ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
The Right

AIMS AND METHODWe conducted a questionnaire survey of all 120 health authorities and boards responsible for the commissioning of services for the assessment and treatment of transsexual people in England, Scotland and Wales, in order to identify the nature of the input offered and assess conformity to current international standards of care.RESULTSEighty-two per cent of the commissioning authorities responded and confirmed that most health authorities/boards provide a full service for the treatment of transsexuals, although this would be delivered at a local level in only 20% of cases. However, 11 commissioning authorities gave confused and inaccurate responses and three other health authorities appear to hold views on the commissioning of these specialist services that are not in keeping with the current legal situation and a recent High Court ruling, which establishes the right of transsexual people to NHS assessment and treatment.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSThere are discrepancies in prioritisation and provision of clinical services for this group that are not standard across Great Britain.

scholarly journals Community and heritage management: Linking stakeholders to archaeological sites in Kichakbadh

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Abhijeet Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
State Level ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
The Other ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Multiple Field ◽  
Management Issues

Community has been much of a striking terminology these days when associated with heritage management. Communities living nearby heritage sites, while at one hand are agents of conservation, on the other hand are sources of destruction in heritage sites and agents of risks. As such, this research unfolds the contested roles of local people for taking ownership of heritage management, understanding heritages, transmitting oral intangible values and valuing destination image at Kichakbadh Province -1, Nepal. The research, aimed at studying heritage management issues around the site has been supplemented by multiple field visits, numerous questionnaires and interviews with locals, visitors and experts. This article chiefly deals with the second phase of author’s exploration carried out on an annual fair called Maghe Purnima at Kichakbadh in 2019. While science of archaeology restricts human activities in conserved places, large fairs are held in archaeologically sensitive areas of Kichakbadh posing threats to archeological wealth there. To utter dismay, archaeological crimes are still common in many sites at Kichakbadh. Multiple field-visits, questionnaire with the stakeholders, visitors and community during the fair reveal that minimal traces of community and state level endeavors to conserve the sites do not meet the vast rescue requirements that Kichakbadh is actually in need of.

scholarly journals Community perception of heritage values regarding a global monument in Ghana: Implications for sustainable heritage management

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justice Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Local People ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The People ◽  
Limited Opportunity

Purpose Scholarly discourses regarding heritage values for sustainable heritage management abound in heritage literature but appear elitist as they tend to exclude the perspectives of the people at the lower echelons of society. The study explored the values ascribed to a global heritage monument by the people living around a global heritage site in Ghana and the implications of their perceptual values for sustainable heritage management. Design/methodology/approach This study used the qualitative design. It was guided by Costin’s heritage values, community attachment theory and values-based approach to heritage management. Data was gathered from the local people living close to the heritage site, and the staff of Museums and Monuments Board at the heritage site. Data were gathered through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews and analysed using the thematic approach and most significant stories. Findings The results revealed that the local people were aware of the economic, aesthetic, historic, symbolic and informational values of the heritage monument but showed little attachment to the monument. The main reasons for the low attachment were the limited opportunity for them to participate in the management of the monument, and the limited opportunity for direct economic benefits from the heritage asset. Research limitations/implications A comprehensive understanding of heritage monument management that reflects the perspectives and values of the local people is imperative. Practical implications United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and Ghana Museums and Monuments Board could consider a more community-inclusive heritage management framework that takes cognizance of local values and perspectives to ensure sustainable heritage management and development. Social implications The values and perspectives of the local community matter in heritage management. The heritage authorities need to engage more with the community people and educate them on the best practices regarding the sustainable management of World Heritage Sites. Originality/value This paper argues that the management of global heritage sites should not be elitist in orientation and character. It should respect the principle of community participation for inclusive development.

scholarly journals Small Arms and Armed Violence in Papua New Guinea: Developing a demand-reduction agenda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Bradley James Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
National Government ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
Armed Violence ◽  
Light Weapons

<p>The Papua New Guinea government has adopted a range of measures aimed at reducing the supply of illicit small arms and light weapons in response to persistent problems with their use in inter-communal fighting and crime. However, these measures have been largely ineffective at reducing the level of armed violence in PNG, in part because of the failure to also address the demand that exists for these weapons. A nascent demand reduction agenda has emerged at the local level throughout Papua New Guinea in response to the failure of the national government to adequately address small arms and armed violence problems. This thesis provides a detailed overview of national, regional and international initiatives to address small arms issues and examines how they have been implemented in PNG. It then examines initiatives by local community groups and NGOs that are aimed at reducing small arms and armed violence and considers how successful they have been.</p>

scholarly journals Revitalizing the cultural heritage sites of the medieval town of Tansen for the sustainable tourism development

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Paras SJB Rana
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Sustainable Tourism Development ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Natural Settings

   Tansen is renowned for its natural settings, historic buildings and a living cultural heritage that have remained, from medieval period until now. By UNWTO statistics,internationally, cultural tourism comprises 39% of the total tourism arrivals. This reaffirms that offering greater access to the cultural and heritage assets would give Tansen a competitive edge over the other tourist destinations and increase its attractiveness as a top tourist destination in Nepal. This article is related to study of how the heritage sites could be revived to make the cultural heritage tourism sustainable and regain Tansen’s economic vibrancy that has been depleting in the recent times. The purpose of the study is to examine the current state of the cultural heritage management in Tansen, to examine the prospect of revitalizing the cultural heritage assets and; to examine the role of the local communities in these aspects. The methods used in the study were site observations, a key informant interview of experts including the city Mayor, tourism entrepreneurs, site mangers and opinion survey of tourists and the local community resident. The study shows that local population has a positive opinion and initial enthusiasm on the emerging tourist arrivals after the restoration of Rani Mahal, but their role is marginalized in the process. This is the key proposition to start an initiative for the local communities to actively participate in tourism development projects. ‘Revitalizing the Rani Mahal heritage’ launched through the Public Private Partnership with support from UNESCO could build the trust amongst the high end international as well as domestic tourist and attract more investments to conserve, protect and promote the heritage capital stocks for the Tansen tourism development.

Presenting Past Landscapes: An Approach to Visual Landscape Integrity as a Tool for Archeological Heritage Management

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-48
Author(s):  
Saruhan Mosler
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Landscape Integrity ◽  
Visual Landscape ◽  
Sustainable Conservation

Archaeological sites are composed of unique, complex landscape settings including architectural remains, visually and spatially interrelated spaces, and ecologies with topographical features and landforms framing them. Today, they are subject to many pressures caused by developmental changes as well as improper conservation and planning strategies. One reason is that heritage conservation is still heavily focused on architectural features and less on the landscape setting. Wider landscape components set an authentic backdrop for cultural heritage and make the setting vivid and legible. Concentrating on this trend, this article explores the visual values of archaeological sites from the tripartite conceptualization view of visual landscape integrity, namely considering the archaeological landscape setting as an artifact, three-dimensional space, and scenery. Using the archaeological site complex of Bergama in Western Turkey as a case study, I propose a visual landscape–oriented approach as a tool for the sustainable conservation and presentation of heritage sites in the process of cultural resource management.

Understanding the Relationship between Component and Attribute of Cultural Landscapes: Case of Indian Music and Cultural Landscapes

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Balaji Venkatachary ◽  
Vishakha Kawathekar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
The Relationship

The widely recognized definition of ‘Cultural Landscape’ in current practice is borrowed from UNESCO as Combined works of Nature and of Man.1 They are complex entities consisting of multiple layering of built-unbuilt components including intangible cultural aspects. These components are interrelated and interdependent. The landscape evolves together through combined natural and cultural processes. In current discourse and practice of heritage management, value-based assessment is a widely accepted approach. Evaluation of cultural landscapes for its Significance and Value is a complex process that requires an understanding of interwoven layers of components and attributes.2 Systematic understanding of such relationships between components and attributes is still in its infancy. Amongst various such identified intangible agencies, this study chooses to explore music. A study of secondary sources was undertaken. Cultural landscapes nominated as World Heritage Sites and identified Indian sites were systematically examined to understand various components and attributes. Using the indicators from this study and the theoretical framework of sociomusicology, a research design was prepared. Recognizing the historical association of music with the sites on the Kaveri river basin in peninsular India, a reconnaissance study was undertaken for onsite validation. Musical associations were spatially mapped for analysis and the findings are presented. Systematic understanding of the relationships between components of a cultural landscape and intangible cultural traditions is still in its infancy. The undertaken study is an exploratory work that focuses on understanding the relationship between components of a cultural landscape and ‘intangible attributes’, especially music. A study of secondary sources was undertaken in two parts. In the first part, concept of cultural landscape has been explored. Cultural landscapes nominated as World Heritage Sites were systematically examined to understand various components and attributes. The knowledge helped in formation of indicators for evaluation of cultural landscapes. In the second part of the study, selected case studies of Indian cultural landscapes were studies with the developed indicators. Musical traditions existing in these sites were theoretically reduced to basic components and mapped for analysis.

Guided heritage walks as a tool for inclusive heritage education: case study of New Delhi

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Chauhan ◽  
Sanjana Anand
Keyword(s):  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Heritage Education

PurposeThis paper studies the role of heritage walks and tours in promoting inclusive education. It assesses if these walks are an effective method of exhibiting culture and facilitating inclusive heritage learning. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to establish that walks can play an imperative role in creating greater sensitivity towards heritage and conservation.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a case study approach using mixed methods. Participants for qualitative interviews were chosen using purposive sampling and six interview schedules were sent to walk leaders. Walk participant data were collected through participant observation and standardised survey with randomly selected participants of the case walks. Surveys were sent to participants electronically.FindingsHeritage walks play a crucial role in not only imparting knowledge about history and heritage but also as a tool for learning other crucial skills, competencies, values, attitudes, etc. This paper attempts to highlight that walks are an effective and inclusive way to shed light on the alternative and forgotten stories. As an educational tool these walks can not only encourage the development of historical knowledge and appreciation but also assist in the development of competency to “de-construct” mainstream “grand narratives”, questioning and learning about the forgotten.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper has limited itself to the study of select cases in New Delhi. Since the study has followed a case study design, it does not produce a largely generalizable result, but rather examines and understands the dynamics of particular walks and produces insights that may well be applicable in other contexts. Whilst this paper makes an attempt to understand the changes in perception and attitudes, it does not study behavioural changes.Social implicationsIn the long run, walks allow for meaningful citizen engagement with tangible heritage such as monuments as well as intangible heritage such as practices and festivals. This allows for appreciation for the value of heritage resources and leads to a demand for better conservation and preservation from the authorities. In a few cases, local citizens themselves lead heritage management and development activities in a bid to promote their local culture. This paper has shown that heritage walks can be helpful tools in giving “forgotten” voices and stories recognition in contemporary society.Originality/valueAs heritage walks have recently gained popularity, there has been very limited research in the field especially linking heritage walks to heritage education. This is especially true for India. Even a city like New Delhi, which boasts of a robust heritage and is one of the tourism hubs of the country, heritage walks have been a very recent phenomenon. This research aims to address this lacuna in academic research and contribute meaningfully to the field of heritage education and conservation by studying how heritage walks support and promote inclusive heritage education.

The development of legal framework for the management of World Heritage Sites in Oman: a case study on Bahla Oasis

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ali Mohamed Khalil ◽  
Eman Hanye Mohamed Nasr
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Content Type ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The World ◽  
Heritage Legislation

PurposeThe study aims to analyze the development of Omani heritage legislation against the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (WHC), 1972 and WHC Operational Guidelines (WHC-OGs) to predict the possible effects of the recent developments on the management of the World Heritage Site in Oman.Design/methodology/approachThis study discusses the development of the heritage protection legislation in Sultanate of Oman since 1970; it analyses the Omani Cultural Heritage Law 35/2019 against the recommendations of the UNESCO WHC as well as the requirements of the World Heritage Operational Guidelines. Moreover, the research investigates the possible effects of the recent heritage legislation developments on the management of Bahla Fort and Oasis in Oman, which is the first Omani World Heritage Site and the only site with special management regulations.FindingsThe paper outlines the effects of both the Omani Cultural Heritage Law 35/2019 and the Special Management Regulations 81/2019 on the implementation of the Bahla Management Plan. Additionally, the research establishes how the customization of heritage legislation as a special heritage management regulation facilitates the implementation of national legislation to solve specific local problems.Originality/valueThe study establishes the significance of developing comprehensive legislation to protect and manage the rich Omani cultural heritage and World Heritage Sites in alignment with the WHC and the WHC-OGs.

Collections, local interactions, conservation and tourism aspects of monastic heritage sites in the Lake Tana region of Ethiopia: the case of Mandeba Medahinealem Monastery

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Genet ◽  
Marshet Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Development ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Lake Tana ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Rich

PurposeAlong with the varied values of heritages which are rationale for their safeguarding, sustainable conservation and tourism development have become central agendas in the field of heritage management in contemporary world. This study attempts to elaborate such interconnected issues at Mandeba Monastery, emphasizing not only cultural heritages but also mutually reflecting on natural features which are integral part of the monastery.Design/methodology/approachInterviewing and systematic observation alongside secondary sources were used to generate data which were analyzed thematically.FindingsBeing a site for incredible collections, Mandeba maintained a tradition of not only heritage conservation and benevolent communal interaction but also of ecological sustainability. The rich collections together with its spectacular location on the shore of Lake Tana enable Mandeba to have highly noticeable tourism potentials. However, Mandeba encounters such challenges as inadequate museum, safety and security problems, lack of sufficient budget, professional, parasitic animal damages, weak promotion and lack of tourist facilities which hamper both conservation and tourism development on the site, which need to be tackled for the overall improvement of the monastery.Originality/valueThis research is original, presenting the ground knowledge and practice regarding the relationship between heritage conservation on the one hand, and local livelihood, environmental management and tourism sustainability on the other hand, with regard to the immovable cultural/religious heritage site of Mandeba Medahinealem Monastery.

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