scholarly journals Estoque e Mecanismo de Proteção Física do Carbono no Solo em Manejos Agrícolas

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 3341
Author(s):  
Lana Cristina Baumgartner ◽  
Renato Campello Cordeiro ◽  
Renato De Aragão Ribeiro Rodrigues ◽  
Ciro Augusto de Souza Magalhães ◽  
Eduardo Da Silva Matos

O compartimento terrestre é o maior reservatório de carbono no solo e armazena cerca de três vezes mais que o compartimento atmosférico. Porém, a atmosfera tem aumentado suas concentrações, devido as elevadas emissões de gases de efeito estufa, decorrente principalmente do consumo de combustíveis fosseis e queimadas das florestas. O Brasil é um dos maiores emissores, especialmente de dióxido de carbono, pelo qual o setor de mudanças do uso da terra e florestas são responsáveis majoritariamente pelas emissões. O solo em condições naturais tem um equilíbrio entre a entrada e saída de carbono, no entanto quando o solo é cultivado, principalmente com sistemas convencionais, há uma perda significativa dos estoques de carbono do solo. No entanto, quando é adotado manejos conservacionistas ocorre o mecanismo de proteção física do carbono através da formação e estabilização dos agregados, que dificulta o acesso dos microrganismos a decomposição e mantém estocado no solo, o que mitiga a emissão para atmosfera. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo mostrar como os manejos influenciam no estoque de carbono no solo, e como é atuação do mecanismo de proteção física de agregados em sistemas conservacionistas, demostrando como foram os avanços na pesquisa da interação da matéria orgânica com a formação e estabilização de agregados.     Stock and Mechanism of Physical Protection of Soil Carbon in Agricultural Managements  A B S T R A C TThe terrestrial compartment is the largest carbon reservoir in the soil and stores about three times as much as the atmospheric compartment. However, the atmosphere has increased its concentrations, due to the high emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly due to the consumption of fossil fuels and forest fires. Brazil is one of the largest emitters, especially of carbon dioxide, for which the sector of land use change and forests are responsible for the majority of emissions. Soil under natural conditions has a balance between carbon input and output, however when the soil is cultivated, mainly with conventional systems, there is a significant loss of soil carbon stocks. However, when conservation management is adopted, there is a mechanism for the physical protection of carbon through the formation and stabilization of aggregates, which hinders the access of microorganisms to decomposition and keeps them stored in the soil, which mitigates the emission into the atmosphere. In view of the above, this study aimed to show how the management influences the carbon stock in the soil, and how the mechanism of physical protection of aggregates in conservationist systems works, demonstrating how advances were made in researching the interaction of organic matter with formation and stabilization of aggregates.Key words:  aggregates, carbon dioxide, greenhouse effect, crop-livestock-forest integration, organic matter 

SOIL ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sanderman ◽  
Courtney Creamer ◽  
W. Troy Baisden ◽  
Mark Farrell ◽  
Stewart Fallon

Abstract. Devising agricultural management schemes that enhance food security and soil carbon levels is a high priority for many nations. However, the coupling between agricultural productivity, soil carbon stocks and organic matter turnover rates is still unclear. Archived soil samples from four decades of a long-term crop rotation trial were analyzed for soil organic matter (SOM) cycling-relevant properties: C and N content, bulk composition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, amino sugar content, short-term C bioavailability assays, and long-term C turnover rates by modeling the incorporation of the bomb spike in atmospheric 14C into the soil. After > 40 years under consistent management, topsoil carbon stocks ranged from 14 to 33 Mg C ha−1 and were linearly related to the mean productivity of each treatment. Measurements of SOM composition demonstrated increasing amounts of plant- and microbially derived SOM along the productivity gradient. Under two modeling scenarios, radiocarbon data indicated overall SOM turnover time decreased from 40 to 13 years with increasing productivity – twice the rate of decline predicted from simple steady-state models or static three-pool decay rates of measured C pool distributions. Similarly, the half-life of synthetic root exudates decreased from 30.4 to 21.5 h with increasing productivity, indicating accelerated microbial activity. These findings suggest that there is a direct feedback between accelerated biological activity, carbon cycling rates and rates of carbon stabilization with important implications for how SOM dynamics are represented in models.


Author(s):  
Virendra Kumar ◽  
Swati SachdevSanjeev Kumar ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar

Methane is an important gas of earth's environment. It emits from various naturally as well as anthropogenic sources and responsible for maintaining earth's global temperature favorable for humans and other organisms to live. In recent years many activities of human development led to generation of a large volume of methane which has exhibited catastrophic effect on humans as well as animal lives on earth. Methane poses high global warming potential and has been found second most abounded gas in the environment responsible for global warming of earth after carbon dioxide which is well documented in gigantic body of literature. Methane emission is projected to reach 254 Gg/ year by the year 2025. The sources of methane generation are scattered in nature that includes marshes, paddy crops, landfills and natural anaerobic decomposition of the organic matter present in the environment and digestion in ruminants as well handling and use of fossil fuels. The versatile sources of methane generation are uncontrolled and tough to be tamed. However, its emissions and negative effects could be reduced by effectively and efficiently managing its sources of emission and utilizing generated volume for energy production. This study emphasize on the harmful as well as beneficial aspects of the methane, its utilization and strategies to control emission from various sources.


Revista CERES ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marihus Altoé Baldotto ◽  
Lílian Estrela Borges Baldotto

ABSTRACT Once it is stabilized in the soil, organic matter minimizes limitations of Brazilian Oxisols, such as low cation exchange capacity, low nutrient availability, toxicity due to high aluminum content, and phosphate adsorption. Moreover, humified organic matter fractions are bioactive. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the biostimulant ability of compounds present in soil carbon stocks to develop sustainable technologies for tropical agriculture based on renewable natural resources. The objective of this research was to correlate some soil quality indicators, redox properties, and bioactivity of humic acids isolated from integrated farming, livestock, and forestry systems aiming to understand the mechanisms involved in plant stimulation by humified organic matter. Carbon stocks and their stability were determined from oxidation by dichromatometry and iodometry, respectively. Bioactivity was assessed using yield data of corn indicator plants. The results indicated that when native-like forests were reintroduced instead of pastureland, soil carbon stocks and their stability increased along with overall improvements in soil fertility, chemical and physical properties, and soil biodiversity. The bioactivity of humic substances isolated from soils used in integrated crop, livestock, and forestry management was higher than that of soils derived from pastures or eucalyptus alone.


FLORESTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 767
Author(s):  
Josue Luiz Marinho Junior ◽  
Renisson Neponuceno De Araújo Filho ◽  
Moacyr Cunha Filho ◽  
Raimundo Rodrigues Gomes Filho ◽  
Milton Marques Fernandes ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Robert A. Berner

The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO2 and O2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases


Author(s):  
Jason L. Howard ◽  
Christian C. Lopes ◽  
Sara S. Wilson ◽  
Vicki McGee-Absten ◽  
Claudia I. Carrión ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sanderman ◽  
Courtney Creamer ◽  
W. Troy Baisden ◽  
Mark Farrell ◽  
Stewart Fallon

Abstract. Devising agricultural management schemes that enhance food security and soil carbon levels is a high priority for many nations. However, the coupling between agricultural productivity, soil carbon stocks and organic matter turnover rates is still unclear. Archived soil samples from four decades of a long-term crop rotation trial were analysed for soil organic matter (SOM) cycling relevant properties: C and N content, bulk composition by NMR spectroscopy, amino sugar content, short term C bioavailability assays, and long-term C turnover rates by modeling the incorporation of the bomb-spike in atmospheric 14C into the soil. After > 40 years under consistent management, topsoil carbon stocks ranged from 14 to 33 Mg C ha−1 and were linearly related to the mean productivity of each treatment. Measurements of SOM composition demonstrated increasing amounts of plant- and microbially-derived SOM along the productivity gradient. Under two modelling scenarios, radiocarbon data indicated overall SOM turnover time decreased from 40 to 13 years with increasing productivity; twice the rate of decline predicted from simple steady-state models or static three-pool decay rates of measured C pool distributions. Similarly, the half-life of synthetic root exudates decreased from 30.4 to 21.5 hours with increasing productivity indicating accelerated microbial activity. These findings suggest that there is a direct feedback between accelerated biological activity, carbon cycling rates and rates of carbon stabilization with important implications for how SOM dynamics are represented in models.


2015 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliva Pisani ◽  
Lisa H. Lin ◽  
Olivia O. Y. Lun ◽  
Kate Lajtha ◽  
Knute J. Nadelhoffer ◽  
...  

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